“A”-12
22 June-19 Oct. 1951

 

126.1    Out of deep need: from a hymn by Martin Luther, “Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu Dir,” adapted from Psalm 130 and used by many composers, including several times by J.S. Bach. There are various translations but LZ appears to be using the following of the first two lines: “Out of deep need I cry to Thee / O Lord God, hear my crying.” LZ probably has in mind Bach’s Choral Cantata (BWV 38), whose instrumentation calls for four trombones and an organ, among others. Hatlen points out that the tune for J.S. Bach’s final composition, the Choral-Prelude (see 130.10), was based on the same melody he adopted for a much earlier chorale prelude for organ No. 42, Wenn wir in höchsten Nöten sein (When we are in deepest need), from the Orgelbüchlein (Little Organ Book, 1713-1716) (“From Modernism,” in Scroggins (1997): 225). The Choral-Prelude was originally published in 1751 with The Art of Fugue (see 127.23), although a separate work.

126.2    Four trombones and the organ in the nave:

126.4    Timed the theme Bach’s name…: see 127.23.

126.5    Dark, larch and ridge, night: Hatlen suggests that this line primarily represents sound values, possibly “notes” playing on Bach’s name (see 127.23) (“From Modernism,” in Scroggins (1997): 223). For “Dark . . . night” see the Shakespeare quotation at 126.17.

126.6    From my body to other bodies: see 207.30.

126.10  first, shape…: on the movement from shape to rhythm to style see “The Effacement of Philosophy” (1951), where LZ states that this charts the etymological evolution of the Greek word ruthmos and also offers “proportion” as an analogous term for “style” (Prep+ 55). Many other key elements in the first couple of pages of “A”-12 appear clustered together in three paragraphs of this essay: the Rig Veda, Bach’s The Art of Fugue and quote at 128.2, Aristotle and Spinoza. Also threading through the tripartite patterns in this opening segment would appear to be etymological suggestions on the word air or ayre as described in Bottom: “Ionian αήρ in the beginning mean mist, cloud; later, perhaps, air; had been allied to αήμι, blow, breathe, and in sound to ο έρος, love, desire, passion”; the larger passage is of interest (139).

126.11  The creation— / And breathed…: through 126.13 plus 126.15 and 126.18 from Genesis 2:6-7, specifically the beginning of the Yahwist or J narrative of creation: “But there went up a mist from the earth, and watered the whole face of the ground. And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.” Hatlen further suggests that 126.17 alludes to Adam on first seeing and naming the animals (“From Modernism,” in Scroggins (1997): 221).

126.17  That from the eye its function takes: from Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night’s Dream III.ii (Hermia speaking):
Dark night, that from the eye his function takes,
The ear more quick of apprehension makes;
Wherein it doth impair the seeing sense,
It pays the hearing double recompense.

126.19  First, glyph; then syllabary, / Then letters: glyph = a symbol, such as a stylized human figure, that imparts information nonverbally; syllabary = a list or set of written characters for a language, each character representing a syllable.

126.21  First, dance. Then / Voice…: Cf. “A Statement for Poetry” (1950) where LZ gives another version of his three phase progression from dance to the sung poetry of Homer to the philosophical verse of Lucretius, remarking that “the stages of culture are concretely delineated in these three examples” (Prep+ 19).

126.24  Before the void there was neither / Being nor non-being…: through 127.1 from the Creation Hymn of the Rig Veda (Book X, Hymn 129), the most ancient of the Hindu Vedas or scriptures; qtd. Prep+ 55, 242 and see Bottom 104, where LZ gives the date ca. 1000-800 B.C. for the Rig Veda (127.3):
Then was not non-existent nor existent:
There was no realm of air, no sky beyond it.
What covered in, and where? —and what gave shelter?—
Was water there, unfathomed depth of water?—

Death was not then, nor was there aught immortal:
No sign was there, the day's and night's divider.
That one thing, breathless, breathed by its own nature:
Apart from it was nothing whatsoever.

Darkness there was: at first concealed in darkness,
This All was indiscriminated chaos.
All that existed then was void and formless:
By the great power of warmth was born that unit.

Thereafter rose desire in the beginning,
Desire, the primal seed and germ of spirit.
Sages who searched with their heart's thought discovered
The existent's kinship in the non-existent.

Transversely was their severing line extended:
What was above it then, and what below it?—
There were begetters, there were mighty forces,
Free action here and energy up yonder.

Who verily knows and who can here declare it,
Whence it was born and whence comes this creation?—
The gods are later than this world's production.
Who knows, then, whence it first came into being?—

He, the first origin of this creation,
Whether he formed it all or did not form it,
Whose eye controls this world in highest heaven,
He verily knows it, or perhaps he knows not.
(trans. Ralph T.H. Griffith; qtd. in Bouquet, Sacred Books of the World)

127.2    Or in the heart or in the head?: from Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice III.ii; this song is qtd. Bottom 60 and 286:
Tell me where is fancy bred,
Or in the heart or in the head?
How begot, how nourished?
   Reply, reply.

It is engend’red in the eyes,
With gazing fed; and fancy dies
In the cradle where it lies.
   Let us all ring fancy’s knell;
   I’ll begin it, —Ding, dong, bell.

127.3    Quire after over three millenia: quire = archaic form for choir, as either noun or verb; also a collection of leaves of parchment or paper, folded one within the other, in a manuscript or book; a set of 24 or sometimes 25 sheets of paper of the same size and stock, one twentieth of a ream (AHD). The Shakespeare First Folio was printed in quires of three sheets or 12 pages each. Hatlen suggests that the reference to three millennia takes us back to the beginning of literate culture in the West (“From Modernism,” in Scroggins (1997): 224); however, elsewhere LZ gives a period of 6000 years which would go back roughly to the invention of cuneiform writing, of which the Gilgamesh epic is a major surviving example. See 225.2, 239.2 and Prep+ 131.

127.4    A year, a month and 19 days before…: Hatlen speculates that this alludes to the death of LZ’s father, Pinchos, on 11 April 1950 (see 154.13), assuming “A”-12 was written during the summer of 1951 (“From Modernism,” in Scroggins (1997): 227).

127.6    Sense sure, else not motion…: through 127.12 from Shakespeare, Hamlet III.iv.71-81 (qtd. 158.29-30 and Bottom 47, 279):

Hamlet: Sense, sure, you have,
Else could you not have motion; but sure, that sense
Is apoplex'd; for madness would not err,
Nor sense to ecstasy was ne'er so thrall'd
But it reserved some quantity of choice,
To serve in such a difference. What devil was't
That thus hath cozen'd you at hoodman-blind?
Eyes without feeling, feeling without sight,
Ears without hands or eyes, smelling sans all,
Or but a sickly part of one true sense
Could not so mope.

127.16  Blest / Ardent […] / Celia […] / Happy…: these “musical” themes or notes, which spell out Bach’s name, will form the major fugal structure of “A”-12 and are identified respectively with Spinoza, Aristotle, Celia and Paracelsus. Paracelsus is identified with H on the basis of his surname, von Hohenheim. See also 127.23.

127.21  things that bear harmony / certain in concord with reason: from Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677), Ethics IV, Appendix 15 & 20, in which Spinoza summarizes his arguments on the best way to live and the advantages of living with others rather than alone:
”The things which give birth to harmony or peace are those which have reference to justice, equity, and honourable dealing. For men are ill pleased not only when a thing is unjust or iniquitous, but also when it is disgraceful or when any one despises the customs received among them. But for attracting love those things are especially necessary which relate to religion and piety. […] As for what concerns matrimony, it is certain that it is in concord with reason if the desire of uniting bodies is engendered not from beauty alone, but also form the love of bearing children and wisely educating them: and moreover, if the love of either of them, that is, of husband or wife, has for its cause not only beauty, but also freedom of mind.”

127.23  Art of Fugue: Die Kunst der Fuge is one of Bach’s late encyclopedic works left unfinished at his death in 1750 (see CF 162); Bach used the designation “contrapunctus” (see 8.104.23) for the individual parts, consisting of 14 fugues and four canons. The work was published the year after Bach’s death by his son, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, but there has and continues to be considerable disagreement over the precise arrangement and ordering of the works. The 1751 published edition includes an alternative version of the 13th fugue, making 19 works in all, and the final fugue, Contrapuntus XIV, breaks off at the point Bach introduced the B-A-C-H motif, the sequence of notes B flat, A, C and B natural, with the latter designated in German by H; see 130.6.

127.24  The parts of a fugue should behave…: LZ attributes this remark to Bach (Prep+ 19-20) and seems to imply, and readers have often assumed, that the following metaphysical remarks on music at 128.2 and 130.1 are also attributable to him, although such does not appear to be the case; see note at 128.2. Terry includes a paraphrased remark that is similar to this quotation, but without indicating the source, and it seems likely LZ found a different rendition of the same anecdotal remark in an as yet unidentified source. In speaking of Bach’s practice in teaching counterpoint, Terry remarks that he told students “that each part must be regarded as an individual conversing with his fellows, who, when he speaks, must speak grammatically and complete his sentences, and if he has nothing to say, had better remain silent” (100).

128.1    How comes this gentle concord in the world: from Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night’s Dream IV.ii:

Theseus: I know you two are rival enemies:
How comes this gentle concord in the world,
That hatred is so far from jealousy,
To sleep by hate, and fear no enmity?

128.2    The order that rules music, the same / controls…: in Prep+ 55, LZ attributes this to Bach, however it is unlikely Bach ever explicitly made such a remark. Bach’s meta-musical remarks, on his own work or in general, are surprisingly rare and conventionally pious, and he was sometimes criticized in his day for lack of theoretical sophistication. However, such philosophical views of music, both Enlightenment rationalist and Pythagorean, were common enough in Bach’s day. The evident source of this passage through 128.5 as well as 130.1 is an excerpt entitled “Happiness and Order” from the autobiography of Margaret Anderson, former co-editor of The Little Review (1914-1929), that was published in New Mexico Quarterly 20.2 (Summer 1950): 141-151, in which also appeared LZ’s poem “Xenophanes.” This autobiography was a sequel to the better known My Thirty Years’ War (1930), entitled A Life for a Life (1950). It is unclear where Anderson found the quotation she attributes to Bach or whether this is her own projection of what he might or should have said:
”Order is life to me. I could, if necessary, live in dirt but never in disorder. A place for everything and everything in its place—this is only the beginning of it. What places? Not arrangement in any or all ways, but arrangement in certain ways. Everything bears a relation to everything else, the eye travels from left to right, order may be defined as ‘objects vibrating in harmony,’ the laws are important and must be kept. Georgette [Leblanc], who revered disorder, said that to live as I did would make her feel she was living the life of a doll. ‘Curious,’ I said, ‘instead of a doll I feel like Bach. He said, “The order which rules music is the same order that controls the placing of the stars and the feathers in a bird’s wing—it is essential and eternal. Nothing was ever created in disorder—the chaotic and unfinished are against the laws of the spirit. I like to feel myself in the middle of harmony”’” (150-151). Thanks to David Latané for tracking down this source.

128.11  “Speak to me in a different anguish: Cf. remark by Little Baron Snorkie in Little: “If you want me to understand, you’d better speak in a different anguish” (CF 14).

129.19  Why do you flee our torches / Made out of the wood of trees: from W.B. Yeats, “The Tables of the Law,” but quoted from James Joyce, Stephen Hero: “Stephen was fondest of repeating to himself this beautiful passage from The Tables of the Law: Why do you fly from our torches which were made out of the wood of the trees under which Christ wept in the gardens of Gethsemane?” (178). Joyce quotes from the original edition of The Tables of the Law, which Yeats lightly revised later. Stephen Hero is also qtd. 142.8-12.

130.1    Unfinished is against the laws of the spirit: see quotation at 127.24.

130.4    Well-tempered forces count: Cf. Bach’s The Well-Tempered Clavier, an encyclopedic fugal work in two “books” (1722 & 1740); well-tempered = appropriately tuned.

130.5    preludio of the Third Partita: Bach’s prelude to Partita No. 3 for solo violin in E major (1720).

130.6    countersubject of the fourfold 19th fugue / Signed on death…: LZ refers here to “Contrapunctus XIV,” the culminating but unfinished final piece of The Art of Fugue (see 127.23), which is a four-voice, triple or quadruple fugue. Bach’s son, C.P.E. Bach, who edited the original publication of The Art of Fugue (1751), claimed that Bach died at the point when he introduced the B-A-C-H motif, although modern scholarship rejects this claim.

130.10  last Choral-Prelude: supposedly Bach’s last composition was the chorale prelude “Vor deinen Thron tret ’ich” (Before thy throne I stand), dictated on his deathbed to his son-in-law Alknikol (Terry 263-264).

130.11  Altnikol: Johann Christoph Altnikol (1719-1759), married Bach’s daughter Elizabeth in 1749 and assisted Bach with the composition of his final works including the chorale fantasias (Terry 257).

130.12  The violinist phrases—as Bach wished?— / From the thought of the somewhat slackened bow: this appears to be taken from Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965), who wrote a large scholarly work on J.S. Bach with uses the latter phrase when speaking of Bach’s characteristic phrasing. A possible source is the biography by George Seaver, Albert Schweitzer: The Man and His Mind (1947), who quotes Schweitzer on this point: “’Bach thinks as a violinist’: his phrasing ‘comes form the idea of the natural use of the somewhat slackened bow.’”

130.16  Only free (often wordless) / Men are grateful to one another: from Spinoza, Ethics IV, Prop. 71: “Only free men are truly grateful on to the other. Proof. —Only free men are truly useful one to the other, and are united by the closest bond of friendship (Prop. 35, and its first Coroll.), and endeavor to benefit each other with an equal impulse to love (Prop. 37, Part IV). And therefore (Def. Emo. 34) only free men are truly grateful to the other” (189).

130.18  Voice without scurf or gray matter:

130.19  For the eyes of the mind are proofs: from Spinoza, Ethics V, Prop. 23, Note (see 177.19; qtd. Bottom 26, 94, 297, 325): “This idea, as we have said, which expresses under a certain species of eternity the essence of the body, is a certain mode of thought which appertains to the essence of the mind, and which is necessarily eternal. It cannot happen, however, that we can remember that we existed before our bodies, since there are no traces of it in the body, neither can eternity be defined by time nor have any relation to time. But nevertheless we feel and know that we are eternal. For the mind no less feels those things which it conceives in understanding than those which it has in memory. For the eyes of the mind by which it sees things and observes them are proofs” (214).

130.22  To Celia: aside from the obvious reference, also the title of a famous lyric by Ben Jonson, “Drink to me only with thine eyes”; see “A”-18.390.31 and Anew 2 (CSP 77).

130.26  While you’re partly right you’re all wrong: while this sounds like a quip the young PZ might make, one notes the following from Henry James, The Spoils of Poynton (1896), spoken by Fleda: “You’re not all right—you’re all wrong.” 

131.8    Walsinghame: an anonymous 16th century ballad, although also attributed to Sir Walter Raleigh, included in TP 68-69, qtd. Bottom 13 and CF 147. The tune associated with the ballad was used by many Renaissance composers, including John Dowland and William Byrd. During the Middle Ages, the shrine to Our Lady of Walsingham, located in Norfolk, England, became a famous pilgrimage site commemorating a noblewoman’s visions of Mary in the 11th century.

131.15  The sixth layer is Troy: various excavations of the presumed site of ancient Troy beginning with Heinrich Schliemann in the 1870s revealed nine more or less distinct layers of habitation, with levels six and seven the primary candidates for Homer’s Troy.

131.32  A what-part invention: Cf. Bach’s Two and Three Part Inventions. Bach’s “inventions” were intended as teaching exercises in contrapuntal music. 

132.1    Mildew’d ear, have you eyes? / You cannot call it love…: from Shakespeare, Hamlet III.iv.63-71; from Hamlet’s tirade against his mother, Queen Gertrude (qtd. Bottom 301):

Hamlet: This was your husband. Look you now, what follows:
Here is your husband; like a mildew’d ear,
Blasting his wholesome brother. Have you eyes?
Could you on this fair mountain leave to feed,
And batten on this moor? Ha! have you eyes?
You cannot call it love; for at your age
The hey-day in the blood is tame, it’s humble,
And waits upon the judgment: and what judgment
Would step from this to this?

132.4    Goodness dies—it happens— / In his own too much: from Shakespeare, Hamlet IV.vii.114-123 (see 138.21) (qtd. Bottom 172, 299):

Claudius: Not that I think you did not love your father;
But that I know love is begun by time,
And that I see, in passages of proof,
Time qualifies the spark and fire of it.
There lives within the very flame of love
A kind of wick or snuff that will abate it;
And nothing is at a like goodness still;
For goodness, growing to a plurisy,
Dies in his own too much: that we would do
We should do when we would; for this “would” changes
And hath abatements and delays as many
As there are tongues, are hands, are accidents;
And then this “should” is like a spendthrift sigh,
That hurts by easing.

132.6    Holding no quantity / Love looks not with the eyes…: from Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night’s Dream I.i (qtd. Bottom 9, 16, 19, 20):

Helena: Things base and vile, holding no quantity,
Love can transpose to form and dignity:
Love looks not with the eyes, but with the mind;
And therefore is wing’d Cupid painted blind:
Nor hath Love’s mind of any judgement taste […]

132.9    Voice: first, body—: see 126.22.

132.10  Speak, of all loves!: from Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night’s Dream II.ii:
Hermia: Lysander! what, removed? Lysander! lord!
What, out of hearing? gone? no sound, no word?
Alack, where are you speak, an if you hear;
Speak, of all loves! I swoon almost with fear.

132.11  You must name his name, / Half his face must be seen…: through 134.20 LZ gives an abbreviated version of Act III, scene i from Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Through 132.17, III.i.36-64 (partially qtd. Bottom 34):

Bottom: Nay, you must name his name, and half his face must be seen through the lion’s neck: and he himself must speak through, saying thus, or to the same defect,—‘Ladies,’—or ‘Fair-ladies—I would wish You,’—or ‘I would request you,’—or ‘I would entreat you,—not to fear, not to tremble: my life for yours. If you think I come hither as a lion, it were pity of my life: no I am no such thing; I am a man as other men are’; and there indeed let him name his name, and tell them plainly he is Snug the joiner.
[…]
Quince: Ay; or else one must come in with a bush of thorns and a lanthorn, and say he comes to disfigure, or to present, the person of Moonshine. Then, there is another thing: we must have a wall in the great chamber; for Pyramus and Thisby says the story, did talk through the chink of a wall.
Snout: You can never bring in a wall. What say you, Bottom?
Bottom: Some man or other must present Wall: and let him have some plaster, or some loam, or some rough-cast about him, to signify wall; and let him hold his fingers thus, and through that cranny shall Pyramus and Thisby whisper.

132.16  Some twelve years later with Birnam Wood: the climatic action of Shakespeare’s Macbeth takes place near Birnam Wood, and Malcolm’s ruse of hiding his men with cut branches from the woods helps him defeat Macbeth. In the “Definition” section of Bottom, A Midsummer Night’s Dream is dated 1595 and Macbeth 1606.

132.19  face of sky: see 135.24, 138.17, 138.26, 161.26. Scoggins argues that “eyes of sky” and presumably its variant “face of sky” as well, alludes to CZ, whose name derives from the L. for heaven (Scroggins Bio 251).

132.22  He of the Gurre-Lieder…: Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951), whose Gurre-Lieder is a major early composition (completed 1911). LZ’s source is the New York Times for 8 Jan. 1950, an article by the composer Roger Sessions, “How Difficult Composer Gets That Way” (Scroggins Bio 247, 522): “As Arnold Schoenberg once wrote in a letter which I particularly treasure, "A Chinese philosopher, of course, speaks Chinese, but the important thing is, what does he say?” Schoenberg gave variations on this remark at other times.

132.24  As true as truest horse: from Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night’s Dream III.i.93-97 (qtd. 132.24, 14.352.6-7, Bottom 388):

Flute [playing Thisby]: Most radiant Pyramus, most lily-white of hue,
Of colour like the red rose on triumphant brier,
Most brisky juvenal and eke most lovely Jew,
As true as truest horse that yet would never tire,
I’ll meet thee, Pyramus, at Ninny’s tomb.

132.25  You see an ass-head / Of your own do you?...: through 134.8 from Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night’s Dream III.i.114-161 (partial qtd. Bottom 9, 23, 371, 404):
Snout: O Bottom, thou art changed! What do I see on thee?
Bottom: What do you see? You see an asshead of your own, do you?
[…]
Bottom: I see their knavery: this is to make an ass of me; to fright me, if they could. But I will not stir from this place, do what they can: I will walk up and down here, and I will sing, that they shall hear I am not afraid.
[Sings]
The ousel cock so black of hue,
With orange-tawny bill,
The throstle with his note so true,
The wren with little quill—
Titania: [Awaking] What angel wakes me from my flowery bed?
[…]
Titania: I pray thee, gentle mortal, sing again:
Mine ear is much enamour’d of thy note;
So is mine eye enthralled to thy shape;
And thy fair virtue’s force perforce doth move me
On the first view to say, to swear, I love thee.
Bottom: Methinks, mistress, you should have little reason for that: and yet, to say the truth, reason and love keep little company together now-a-days; the more the pity that some honest neighbours will not make them friends. Nay, I can gleek upon occasion.
Titania: Thou art as wise as thou art beautiful.
Bottom: Not so, neither: but if I had wit enough to get out of this wood, I have enough to serve mine own turn.
Out of this wood do not desire to go:
Thou shalt remain here, whether thou wilt or no.
I am a spirit of no common rate;
The summer still doth tend upon my state;
And I do love thee: therefore, go with me;
I’ll give thee fairies to attend on thee,
And they shall fetch thee jewels from the deep,
And sing while thou on pressed flowers dost sleep;
And I will purge thy mortal grossness so
That thou shalt like an airy spirit go.

134.9    Paracelsus’ Book of Bad and Good Fortune…: Auroleus Phillipus Theostratus Bombastus von Hohenheim (1593-1541), known as Paracelsus, was a Swiss doctor, alchemist and occult philosopher. Despite his itinerate and poverty-stricken life, as well as his own advice not to be overeager to write, he was an enormously prolific writer. This does not appear to be the title of a particular work by Paracelsus, although “Good and Bad Fortune” is the title of a section heading in the selection of Paracelsus writings LZ used, and this heading fits his own life and work, as the following quotation indicates. LZ’s source for all information about and quotations from Paracelsus is Paracelsus: Selected Writing, ed. Jolande Jacobi, trans. Norbert Guterman (1951); Jacobi selects from across the large and repetitive body of Paracelsus’ writings and organizes them under various headings, so unless bracketed, the ellipses are Jacobi’s.

134.10  The sun shines upon all of us equally / With its luck…: from Paracelsus: “The sun shines upon all of us equally with its luck. The summer comes to all of us equally with it luck, and so does the stormy winter. But while the sun looks at all of us equally, we look at it unequally. God has redeemed all of us, the one as much as the other; but one does not look at Him in the same way as the other. He loves us all, without regard for person; but our love for Him is unequal” (205).

134.15  Good Master Mustardseed, I know your / patience well…: through 134.20 from Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night’s Dream III.i.191-196; spoken by Bottom (qtd. Bottom 371).

134.24  Groin […] vault: a groin vault is formed by the intersection at right angles of two barrel vaults.

134.29  Most (must)…: city in Lithuania; see 151.10.

135.1    “Bechardi!” “Morgen!” / “Was machst du?”…: Ger. “Bechardi!“ “Morning” / “What are you doing?” / “I’m building an outhouse! / High up!”

135.5    “So / How does the Czar sleep nights?...: this stanza is a verse from a Yiddish folksong, “Vi Azoi Lebt der Keyser.”

135.11  The best man learns of himself…: through 136.4 adapted from various quotations in L. Cranmer-Byng, The Vision of Asia: An Interpretation of Chinese Art and Culture (1932). Although LZ once published this passage in a special Li Po issue of The Galley Sail Review (Winter 1960), edited by David Rafael Wang, this poet is not the source of the quotations. LZ also uses the phrase “best-man” to refer to Mao Zedong’s poem at 204.32.
135.11-12: The best man learns of himself / To bring rest to others: “But the true meaning and value of education in China may be traced to a pregnant saying of Confucius who, when asked how the superior man attained his position, replied, ‘He cultivates himself so as to bring rest unto the people’” (24).
135.13-25: He has perched over—why—valley. In the pines…: from a poem collected in The Odes of Confucius [Book of Odes] (On “—why—“ see next note below):
He has perched in the valley with pines overgrown,
This fellow so stout and so merry and free;
He sleeps and he talks and he wanders alone,
And none are so true to their pleasures as he.

He has builded his hut in the bend of the mound,
This fellow so fine with his affluent air;
He wakes and he sings with no neighbour around.
And whatever betide him his home will be there.

He dwells on a height amid cloudland and rain,
This fellow so grand whom the world blunders by;
He slumbers alone, wakes, and slumbers again,
And his secrets are safe in that valley of Wei. (118)
135.26-136.4: Reject no one / and / Debase nothing…: “Unity with the One may only be achieved by passing through the variety of the many. Through man to God, through life in its infinite aspects to the Source of life is the Way of Tao. It is at once a Way of approach and a Way of refection: ‘Among men, reject none; among things, reject nothing. This is called comprehensive intelligence’” (50). Quotation is from Lao Tsu as translated by Lionel Giles.

135.13  —why—: this is LZ’s guess at the pronunciation of the name of the valley, Wei, in the Confucian ode quoted above, as indicated by the rhyme in the translation—although more standard would be closer to “way.” It is also possible that LZ is evoking Wordsworth’s “Tintern Abbey,” whose full title locates it in the valley of Wye and also mentions a hermit in the woods. Cranmer-Byng often draws parallels between Chinese poetry and the English Romantics, pointing out that he is not the first to observe the similarities between Wordsworth and Chinese nature poets, although arguing that the latter are more subtle (211, 220).

135.24  eyes, / A face of sky: see 132.19, 138.17, 138.26, 161.26.

136.5    The time would be too short— / Throw some part…: through 136.25 from Dante, Divine Comedy; the following translations from the Temple Classics edition: Inferno translated by J.A. Carlyle, Pugatorio by Thomas Okey and Paradiso by P.H. Wicksteed:
136.5: Inferno XV.103.105: “And [Brunetto] to me: ‘It is good to know of some; of the rest it will be laudable that we keep silence, as the time would be too short for so much talk.’”
136.6-7: Purgatorio XXIII.1-3: “While I was thus fixing mine eyes through the green leaves, even as he is wont to do who throws away his life after birds.”
136.8: Purgatorio XXIII.67-69: [Virgil explaining the nature of love:] “The scent which issues from the fruit, and from the spray is diffused over the green, kindles within us a desire to eat and to drink.”
136.9-10: possibly from Purgatorio XI.91-117: [Oderisi speaking] “‘O empty glory of human powers! How short the time its green endures upon the top, it if be not overtaken by rude ages! Cimabue thought to hold the field in painting, and now Giotto hath the cry, so that the fame of the other is obscured. Even so one Guido hath taken form the other the glory of our tongue; and perchance one is born who shall chase both from the nest. Earthly fame is naught but a breath of wing, which now cometh hence and how thence, and changes name because it change direction. What greater fame shalt thou have, if thou strip thee of thy flesh when old, than if thou hadst died ere thou wert done with pap and chink, before a thousand years are passed? Which is shorter space to eternity than the twinkling of an eye to the circle which slowest is turned in heaven. […] Your repute is as the hue of grass which cometh and goeth, and he discolours it through whom it springeth green from the ground.’”
136.12-16: Purgatorio XVIII.19-27: [Virgil on the nature of love] “‘The mind which is created quick to love, is responsive to everything that is pleasing, soon as by pleasure it is awakened into activity. Your apprehensive faculty draws an impression from a real object, and unfolds it within you, so that it makes the mind turn thereto. And if, being turned, it inclines towards it, that inclination is love; that is nature, which through pleasure is bound anew within you.’” Partially qtd. Bottom 135-136, where LZ gives his own translation.
136.18-19: Purgatorio XIX.40-42: “Following him, I was bearing my brow like one that hath it burdened with thought, who makes of himself half an arch of a bridge […]”
136.20-23: Purgatorio XXIV.67-69: “so all the people that were there, facing round, quickened their pace, fleet through leanness and desire.”
136.24-25: “desire” and “thirst” appear frequently throughout the Commedia, the latter term often to describe Dante’s desire for understanding; the following appears the most likely source, but there are other possibilities: Paradiso III.70-78: [Piccarda speaking] “‘Brother, the quality of love stilleth our will, and maketh us long only for what we have, and giveth us no other thirst. Did we desire to be more aloft, our longings were discordant from his will who here assorteth us, and for that, thou wilt see, there is no room within these circles, if of necessity we have our being here in love, and if thou think again what is love’s nature.’” 

136.26  From Battle of / Discord and Harmony: according to Ahearn this is LZ’s version of the title of Antonio Vivaldi’s major work, usually translated as The Trial of Harmony and Invention (1725), a set of twelve concertos of which the first four are the famous Four Seasons. Ahearn also points out that behind Vivaldi’s title stands Empedocles’ four elements of fire, water, earth and air (Ahearn 126-127).

136.28  Come home beloved: from Shakespeare, Coriolanus III.ii:
Mother, I am going to the market-place;
Chide me no more. I'll mountebank their loves,
Cog their hearts from them, and come home beloved
Of all the trades in Rome. Look, I am going:
Commend me to my wife. I'll return consul […]

136.29  Light lights: see 7.40.17, 8.43.2, 8.48.22, 8.104.10 and 18.393.35.

137.1    “Glad they were there”: this is the first line of LZ’s “Anew 29” (composed in 1938), from which also the lines at 137.3-4 are quoted (CSP 93). In the book publication, LZ appended to this seemingly slight lyric, which “describes” dancing, quotations from Dante, Karl Marx, the physicist Henrik Lorentz and Guido Cavalcanti.

137.3    Flying not to / Lose sight of it: see 137.1.

137.7    red-head priest’s: i.e. Vivaldi; see 136.26, 158.10.

137.14  Pale gold like halos / Setting off faces: quoted with slight adaptation from Claude Debussy, Monsieur Croche, where this characterization refers to Alessandro Scarlatti; see quotation at 183.10.

137.18  “Then he put / His horse into / His pocketbook”: adapted from a sentence in a letter from Niedecker: “And then I put a horse into her pocketbook” (Penberthy 14).

137.25  Lorine: = Niedecker (1903-1970), American poet from Michigan and longtime friend of LZ.

138.6    an integral: LZ uses the mathematical symbol for integral to link music and speech immediately preceding, although it may not be irrelevant that the symbol also suggests the ƒ-hole of a violin. Apparently it was Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) who first used and advocated this symbol.

138.17  eye of sky: see 132.19, 135.24,138.26, 161.26.

138.19  Guano: a substance composed chiefly of the dung of sea birds or bats, accumulated along certain coastal areas or in caves and used as fertilizer (AHD).

138.20  Not a swallow made that summer: from Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics I.7 (1098a): “For one swallow does not make a summer, nor does one day; and so too one day, or a short time, does not make a man blessed or happy” (trans. W.D. Ross). See 13.295.9 and Bottom 112.

138.21  Time qualifies the fire and spark of it: from Shakespeare, Hamlet IV.vii (see 132.4).

138.26  eye of sky: see 132.19, 135.24, 138.17, 161.26.

138.28  My father died in the spring: Pinchos Zukofsky (c.1860-1950); at 155.1-3 LZ mentions that his father did not know his birthdate and was 91 or 95 when he died.

139.1    Half of a fence was built that summer…: Cf. description of the Zukofskys’ summer cottage near Old Lyme, Connecticut in Little (CF 36-37), which suffered from swamy conditions. The cattails are mentioned again at 223.8.

139.10  della Robbia: family of Florentine sculptures and ceramists of the 15^th and 16^th centuries; particularly Luca della Robbia (d. 1482) who perfected glazed terracotta.

139.23  To live among ordinary men…: through 139.26 is slightly adapted from Gershom Scholem on the paradox at the heart of Hasidic thought: “To live among ordinary men and yet be alone with God, to speak profane language and yet draw the strength to live from the source of existence […] —that is a paradox which only the mystical devotee is able to realize in his life and which makes him the center of the community of men” (Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism. NY: Schocken, 1946): 343. LZ quite possibly found this quotation in a review of Scholem’s classic work: “The Mystics’ Contribution to Judah,” New York Times (8 June 1947).

139.27  the Baalshem— / […] as good as his name: Rabbi Israel ben Eliezer, the Baal Shem Tov (1698-1760), founder of modern Hasidism, who asserted the joyfulness of worship. Baal Shem Tov means in Heb. “master of the good name (i.e. God).”

139.28  Thaew: CZ’s maiden name, pronounced Tave (Scroggins Bio 142); see note to “H.T.” where LZ wrote to Niedecker that the name means good from the Heb. tov.

139.29  michtam of David: michtam = Heb. writing, i.e. poem or psalm. Psalms 16, 56-60 are designated as “michtam of David.”

140.23  Maishe Afroim: LZ’s grandfather (Terrell 35).

140.23  Sephardim: descendents of the Jews who lived on the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages and were expelled in 1492.

141.4    Shittim wood: in the Bible the wood, believed to be acacia, from which the Ark of the Covenant and the furniture of the Tabernacle were made; see particularly the instructions for making the Ark and the Tabernacle in Exodus 25-27.

141.11  Aphrodite’s drapery / Her peers are the Fates: Aphrodite, Greek goddess of love, was believed to have been depicted as a reclining draped figure (now headless) on the East pediment of the Parthenon as part of a group of the three Fates (see next).

141.14  Enter the stone treasury / From the East, Greek…: LZ is describing entering and moving through the Parthenon on the Acropolis in Athens, which originally contained a huge statue of Athena. The West pediment (141.20), the triangular gable above the columns, survives in a broken condition.

141.17  Your Virgin is chryselephantine / Aegis of Zeus: the lost chryselephantine statue of Athena in the Parthenon; chryselephantine is a sculptural technique of using wood overlaid with ivory and gold. Aegis is the shield or breastplate of Zeus, which became associated with Athena.

141.23  Marbles of Earthshaker and Virgin / Fighting for order in Athens: in a contest over who would become the patron deity of Athens, to be determined by who produced the most useful gift, Athena won over Poseidon by providing the olive tree. This episode was depicted on the West pediment of the Parthenon.

141.25  Even Odysseus returned to the sea, / His oar…: from Homer, Odyssey XI, when Odysseus visits the land of the dead and Tiresius prophesizes his future following his return home: “’When you have killed them in your hall, whether by craft or open fight with the cold steel, you must take an oar with you, and journey until you find men who do not know the sea nor mix salt with their food; they have no crimson-cheeked ships, no handy oars, which are like so many wing-feathers to a ship. I will give you an unmistakable token which you cannot miss. When a wayfarer shall meet you and tell you that is a winnowing shovel on your shoulder, fix the oar in the ground, and make sacrifice to King Poseidon, a ram, a bull, and a boar-pig; then return home and make solemn sacrifice to the immortal gods who rule the broad heavens, every one in order’” (trans. W.H.D. Rouse).

141.27  Still fighting in northwest Greece / The 8th division…: from 1946 until late 1949, Communist rebels fought government forces in the Grammos Mountains in north Greece along the border with Macedonia; the Greek campaign to finally squelch the insurgency was largely led by the U.S. military in quasi-clandestine operations. In a review of editorial for the week, the New York Times for 21 Aug. 1949 discusses the fighting and remarks: “Homer described the wild, mountainous region in the northwestern part of present-day Greece as the gateway to Hades—the underworld.”

142.5    And from it draw the strength to live—: see 139.26.

142.6    D.P’s / O.M’s and M.A.’s: D.P = displaced person.

142.8    Stephen Hero: / “Let him Aristotle” (who fled Athens) / “Examine me…: through 142.12 from James Joyce, Chap. 24 of Stephen Hero (first publ. 1944), an early version of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man; for the reference to Aristotle’s flight from Athens, see note at 236.15:
”[Stephen speaking to Cranly] —I would not say a word against Aristotle for the world but I think his spirit would hardly do itself justice in treating of the ‘inexact’ sciences.
—I wonder what Aristotle would have thought of you as a poet?
—I'm damned if I would apologise to him at all. Let him examine me if he is able. Can you imagine a handsome lady saying ‘O, excuse me, my dear Mr Aristotle, for being so beautiful’"?

142.14  Philo: (20 BC-40 AD) Alexandrian Jewish philosopher who synthesized Greek and Jewish thought through allegory; mentioned in “Poem beginning ‘The’” (CSP 15).

142.14  Javan: in Genesis 10:2 the son of Japheth; however, in Biblical Heb. came to designate Greece (e.g. Zechariah 9:13). See Bottom 104.

142.16  So that Jesus after prayed in Gethsemane / O my Father: refers to the passage in Matthew 26:36-46 when Jesus realizes has been betrayed. The episode of Jesus finding his disciples sleeping is a key scene in Bach’s St Matthew Passion, which LZ alludes to several times in the early movements of “A”; see 1.4.24-26 and 7.40.9:
            “Then cometh Jesus with them unto a place called Gethsemane, and saith unto the disciples, Sit ye here, while I go and pray yonder. And he took with him Peter and the two sons of Zebedee, and began to be sorrowful and very heavy. Then saith he unto them, My soul is exceeding sorrowful, even unto death: tarry ye here, and watch with me. And he went a little farther, and fell on his face, and prayed, saying, O my Father, if it be possible, let this cup pass from me: nevertheless not as I will, but as thou wilt. And he cometh unto the disciples, and findeth them asleep, and saith unto Peter, What, could ye not watch with me one hour? Watch and pray, that ye enter not into temptation: the spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak. He went away again the second time, and prayed, saying, O my Father, if this cup may not pass away from me, except I drink it, thy will be done. And he came and found them asleep again: for their eyes were heavy. And he left them, and went away again, and prayed the third time, saying the same words. Then cometh he to his disciples, and saith unto them, Sleep on now, and take your rest: behold, the hour is at hand, and the Son of man is betrayed into the hands of sinners. Rise, let us be going: behold, he is at hand that doth betray me.”

142.18  In Hebrew “In the beginning” / Means literally from the head?...: The first word of the Hebrew Bible, מּיִתּלּאּ (pronounced be-re-shiyt), which also designates the book itself, means in, on or at the beginning, start or head. See Bottom 104, where LZ gives a phonetic transcription of the first verse of Genesis in Heb. plus commentary.

142.20  A source creating / The heaven and the earth...: from Genesis 2:4-5, the same passage that appears on the first page of the movement (see 126.11): “These are the generations of the heavens and of the earth when they were created, in the day that the Lord God made the earth and the heavens. And every plant of the field before it was in the earth, and every herb of the field before it grew: for the Lord God had not caused it to rain upon the earth, and there was not a man to till the ground. But there went up a mist from the earth, and watered the whole face of the ground.”

142.25  live forever: see 1.4.29; see next.

142.26  immortelle: Fr., fem. of immortel, undying. Any one of the flowers commonly called everlasting, or a wreath made of such flowers (CD; Leggott 153). See 18.391.16.

143.2    Pinchos: see 151.10.

143.3    Maishe Afroim: see 140.23.

143.21  Bach remembers his own name: see 127.23.

143.22  Kadish: Jewish prayer for the dead.

143.26  Everything should be as simple as it can be, / Says Einstein…: from the New York Times for 8 Jan. 1950, “How a ‘Difficult’ Composer Gets That Way” by Roger Sessions: “I also remember a remark of Albert Einstein, which certainly applies to music. He said, in effect, that everything should be as simple as it can be but not simpler” (source identified by Mark Scroggins); also qtd. Prep+ 51.

143.29  What can make the difficult disposition easier?...: these few lines may be suggested by the Roger Sessions article referred to in the preceding note.

144.7    Michtam of David: see 139.29. Most of this passage through 144.22 is adapted from Psalms 16, the first of the Psalms designated as “Michtam of David”; see “Michtam” in CSP 121, which has as its epigraph 16:6 quoted below:
16:1 Preserve me, O God: for in thee do I put my trust.
16:2 O my soul, thou hast said unto the Lord, Thou art my Lord: my goodness extendeth not to thee;
16:3 But to the saints that are in the earth, and to the excellent, in whom is all my delight.
16:4 Their sorrows shall be multiplied that hasten after another god: their drink offerings of blood will I not offer, nor take up their names into my lips.
16:5 The Lord is the portion of mine inheritance and of my cup: thou maintainest my lot.
16:6 The lines are fallen unto me in pleasant places; yea, I have a goodly heritage.
16:7 I will bless the Lord, who hath given me counsel: my reins also instruct me in the night seasons.
16:8 I have set the Lord always before me: because he is at my right hand, I shall not be moved.
16:9 Therefore my heart is glad, and my glory rejoiceth: my flesh also shall rest in hope.
16:10 For thou wilt not leave my soul in hell; neither wilt thou suffer thine Holy One to see corruption.
16:11 Thou wilt shew me the path of life: in thy presence is fulness of joy; at thy right hand there are pleasures for evermore.

144.26  To have asked…: in 1936 EP asked LZ to query his father about Leviticus 25, which states Mosaic laws on usury or the charging of interest, specifically about the Heb. terms neschec and marbis, and whether a distinction between Jew and non-Jew applies to the ban against usury. In his detailed response, LZ confirmed that the former means to bite “like a snake’s bite,” while the latter means “increase (with the connotation of accretion, pathological?).” Also reported that his father did not think it proper to make a distinction between Jews and non-Jews on the application of usury laws (EP/LZ 181-186; EP remarks on these terms in Guide to Kulchur (1938): 42).

145.3    Shag Red:

145.4    Air-conditioned dialektiké: possibly echoing Henry Miller’s The Air-Conditioned Nightmare (1945); but see next. Dialektiké = Gk. root of dialectic, the art of debate.

145.5    A Sum (you say) / Post-mortemer: < Mortimer J. Adler (1902-2001) a fellow student when LZ attended Columbia, who became a philosopher and educator, best known as an editor and advocate of the “Great Books” and “Great Ideas” curriculum (Scroggins, “An Ernster Mensch”  35). Adler’s first book was Dialectic (1927).

145.12  Good Friday—that’s a pun: see 18.402.21. Although there are other possibilities, presumably LZ primarily has in mind the fact that Good Friday commemorates the death of Christ, and so in Catholic pageantry is marked by funereal imagery and music, as opposed to the joyous celebrations of Easter Sunday.

145.13  Don’t learn for revenge, / Question and question…: from Paracelsus: “Therefore, man, learn and learn, question and question, and do not be ashamed of it; for only thus can you earn a name that will resound in all countries and never be forgotten” (105). Casting Avicenna into a bonfire, he told students, “so that all this misery may go in the air with the smoke” (lv).

145.18  As smoke is driven away, so drive them away: from Psalm 68:2: “As smoke is driven away, so drive them away: as wax melteth before the fire, so let the wicked perish at the presence of God.”

145.20  Singers go before, / Players on instruments: from Psalm 68:25.

145.22  Chenaniah for song / (Grace) instructed in song…: from I Chronicles 15:22: “And Chenaniah, chief of the Levites, was for song: he instructed about the song, because he was skillful.” Qtd. in “Other Comments” appended to original version of “A Statement for Poetry (1950)” (Prep+ 223) and “Thanks to the Dictionary” (CF 290). Chenaniah was PZ’s Hebrew name (Scroggins Bio 520).

145.25  Again, again / Despised / By the pack…: through 146.24 taken largely from the biographical introduction on Paracelsus by Jolande Jacobi (see note at 134.9), which includes the following quotations from Paracelsus. Paracelsus’ life was characterized on the one hand by an extreme intellectual arrogance that alienated him from anyone who might have supported his professional career and on the other a martyr-like dedication to serving the medical needs of the poorest:
145.25-146.1: “He bitterly complains that he is ‘again despised,’ ‘for the pack that attacks me is large, but their understanding and art are small’” (lvii).
146.2-3: “In 1538 […] ‘my father, who has never forsaken me,’ had ‘died and been buried’ four years earlier” (lviii).
146.4: “He lived like a beggar or a tramp, seldom sleeping two nights in the same bed, as he states in one of his writings” (lvii).
146.5-6: “His readiness to help his fellow man was still unabated—he never left unheeded the call of those in need, and often spent hours and days on horseback, hastening to the bedsides of his patients” (lix).
146.9: “‘Whoever stands up against you and tells the truth must die,’ Paracelsus observes in bitter disillusionment” (lxiv).
146.10: see 146.1.
146.11-12: “I am resolved to pursue the noblest and highest philosophy and to let nothing divert me from it. . . . I shall not be concerned with the moral part of man, and I shall meditate only upon that within him which does not die; for that is what we hold to be the highest philosophy” (4).
146.13: “‘But I shall put forth leaves, while you will be dry fig trees […]’” (lxxi-lxxii).
146.14-16: “‘But because I am alone,’ he pleads, ‘because I am new, because I am a German, do not scorn my writings, do not let yourself be drawn away from them’” (lxiv).
146.17-20: “‘The main substance of the art lies in experience and also love, which is embodied in all the high arts. For we receive them from the love of God and we should give them with the same love’” (lviv).
146.21: “This is my vow: To perfect my medical art and never to swerve from it so long as God grants me my office, and to oppose all false medicine and teachings. Then, to love the sick, each and all of them, more than if my own body were at stake. Not to judge anything superficially, but by symptoms, nor to administer any medicine without understanding, nor to collect any money without earning it. Not to trust any apothecary, nor to do violence to any child. Not to guess, but to know. . . .” (5).
146.22-24: “‘The striving for wisdom is the second paradise of the world’” (lxiii); see 11.125.8, 23.538.10-11.

147.4    Paganini: Nicolò Paganini (1782-1840), Italian violinist, the greatest virtuoso of his time.

147.5    Mozart’s Turkish Concerto: Violin Concerto No. 5 in A major (1775); see 161.7.

147.15  Lord Dexter: Lord Timothy Dexter (1747–1806), American merchant and eccentric, wrote A Pickle for the Knowing Ones (1802), completely eccentric in spelling and without punctuation (which he added altogether at the back), in part due to the fact that Dexter was virtually illiterate. LZ quotes from “Wonder of Wonders,” most probably found in Oliver Wendell Holmes, Over the Teacups (1891), volume of conversations which discusses Dexter and quotes this passage, apparently regularizing the punctuation. Holmes is making the argument that Dexter preceded Emerson and Whitman as the first Transcendentalist: “How great the soul is! Do not you all wonder and admire to see and behold and hear? Can you all believe half the truth, and admire to hear the wonders how great the soul is—only behold—past finding out! Only see how large the soul is! That if a man is drowned in the sea what a great bubble comes up out of the top of the water.… The bubble is the soul.”
147.20: Illiterate lord of a court of ships figureheads: refers to Lord Dexter’s house in Newburyport, Massachusetts, which he decorated inside and out with numerous wooden figureheads of famous people and which he intended to be a museum.

147.26  the new bridge going up: probably Manhattan Bridge connecting lower Manhattan and Brooklyn, just north of the Brooklyn Bridge, built between 1901-1909; see 211.11.

148.2    Where, my son, are my dead / breathing friends: see 145.9.

148.4    my growing sun: for the son/sun pun and its source in Aristotle, see note at 236.13.

148.21  My guest Henry (masculine)…: in a 29 July 1967 letter to Hugh Kenner (“Selected Correspondence” 47), LZ indicates that this episode is purely imaginary on his part, but suggested by Henry James’ The American Scene (1907). LZ remarks in his Autobiography (13) on the serendipitous fact that James’ return to the U.S. after a twenty year absence was the same year as his own birth in 1904, also mentioned at 18.397.18-19; see also 13.283.4-6. In Chapter 3 of The American Scene, James gives a highly impressionistic description of a visit to the heart of the Yiddish quarters in the Lower East Side and specifically to Rutgers Street (see 256.13), hosted by an unnamed local resident.

149.3    Chassid: Hasidic Jew.

149.8    Said the Chassid: / If you do not…: LZ probably found this remark in a review of Martin Buber, Israel and the World: “[…] Buber quotes the Hasidic rabbi of Konitz who used to pray: ‘If You do not yet wish to redeem Israel, at any rate redeem the goyim”; from “Twenty-Two Essays by a Hebrew Humanist,” New York Times (28 Nov. 1948).

149.13  Baltimore, “That cheerful little city of the / dead”: from Henry James, The American Scene: “The safety of Baltimore, I should indeed mention, consisted perhaps a little overmuch, during that first flush, in its apparently vacant condition: it affected me as a sort of perversely cheerful little city of the dead; and from the dead, naturally, comes no friction” (310).

149.17  Let me go, the dawn is on us…: through 149.21 adapted from Genesis 32:26-27, 31; the conclusion of the scene in which Jacob wrestles with the angel:
And he said, Let me go, for the day breaketh. And he said, I will not let thee go, except thou bless me.
And he said unto him, What is thy name? And he said, Jacob.
And he said, Thy name shall be called no more Jacob, but Israel: for as a prince hast thou power with God and with men, and hast prevailed.
And Jacob asked him, and said, Tell me, I pray thee, thy name. And he said, Wherefore is it that thou dost ask after my name? And he blessed him there.
And Jacob called the name of the place Peniel: for I have seen God face to face, and my life is preserved.
And as he passed over Penuel the sun rose upon him, and he halted upon his thigh.

149.20  (chaos to come): see 142.28-29.

149.22  And once before, toward Haran / Lighted upon a certain place…: through 150.7 from Genesis 28:10-22, Jacob’s exile and dream. Haran is a city in northern Mesopotamia, from which Abraham came to settle in Canaan and to which Jacob fled from his brother Esau’s anger and where he worked for 14 years for the hand of Laban’s daughter Rachel.
28:10 And Jacob went out from Beersheba, and went toward Haran.
28:11 And he lighted upon a certain place, and tarried there all night, because the sun was set; and he took of the stones of that place, and put them for his pillows, and lay down in that place to sleep.
28:12 And he dreamed, and behold a ladder set up on the earth, and the top of it reached to heaven: and behold the angels of God ascending and descending on it.
28:13 And, behold, the Lord stood above it, and said, I am the Lord God of Abraham thy father, and the God of Isaac: the land whereon thou liest, to thee will I give it, and to thy seed;
28:14 And thy seed shall be as the dust of the earth, and thou shalt spread abroad to the west, and to the east, and to the north, and to the south: and in thee and in thy seed shall all the families of the earth be blessed.
28:15 And, behold, I am with thee, and will keep thee in all places whither thou goest, and will bring thee again into this land; for I will not leave thee, until I have done that which I have spoken to thee of.
28:16 And Jacob awaked out of his sleep, and he said, Surely the Lord is in this place; and I knew it not.
28:17 And he was afraid, and said, How dreadful is this place! this is none other but the house of God, and this is the gate of heaven.
28:18 And Jacob rose up early in the morning, and took the stone that he had put for his pillows, and set it up for a pillar, and poured oil upon the top of it.
28:19 And he called the name of that place Bethel: but the name of that city was called Luz at the first.
28:20 And Jacob vowed a vow, saying, If God will be with me, and will keep me in this way that I go, and will give me bread to eat, and raiment to put on,
28:21 So that I come again to my father's house in peace; then shall the Lord be my God:
28:22 And this stone, which I have set for a pillar, shall be God's house: and of all that thou shalt give me I will surely give the tenth unto thee.

150.9    200-year spruce at least / For a fiddle…: this fact is also mentioned in Bottom 426.

151.10  “Little fish,” he grieved / For his wife…: the next few pages through 156.24 primarily concern LZ’s father, Pinchos Zukofsky (c.1860-1950). Pinchos emigrated from Most, in the Kovno (Kaunas) area of Lithuania (at the time subsumed by Russia) in 1898. There was a major fire that destroyed a significant section of Kovno in the summer of 1882 (see 151.19). The reasons for Pinchos’ emigration are unclear, but there were massive emigrations of Jews from Russia in the years following the assassination of Czar Alexander II in 1881, which provoked numerous pogroms. Pinchos worked as a pantspresser and nightwatchman until he could afford to bring over his wife and three children (two daughters, one son) in 1903. LZ was the only child born in America. “Little fish” is Pinchos’ affectionate nickname for his wife, Chana Pruss Zukofsky (c.1862-1927). See Terrell 35-36.

151.29  Niemen: or Neman River flows through Lithuania and on which Kaunas (Kovno; see 152.5) is located.

151.32  (Dexter, Paracelsus!): see 147.15 and 134.9 respectively.

152.1    Rabbi / Yizchok Elchonon…: Rabbi Yitzchak Elchanan Spektor (1817-1896), chief rabbi of Kovno from 1851-1896 and the most authoritative figure among Russian Jews. Elchanan was among the most respected Jewish leaders and rabbinical authorities of his time and widely revered as a sage.

153.14  Prince Albert: a typical Victorian style of beard with moustache and goatee, such as that sported by Dickens; also a men’s long, double-breasted frock coat of the period; named after Queen Victoria’s son, later King Edward VII.

153.23  Reb Pinchos: reb or rebbe is Yiddish for rabbi, but often used as an honorific to refer to any very pious person, as is the case here with reference to LZ’s father; see 151.10. Pinchos Zukofsky was orthodox Jewish rather than Hasidic.

154.5    father of Nichomachus: i.e. Aristotle.

154.10  The humming bird flies foreward: see 150.31-33.

154.13  eleventh of April / 1950: date of Pinchos Zukofsky’s death.

154.20  John Donne in his death-shroud: a few weeks before his death, Donne (1572-1631) posed for a painting of himself in his death shroud, which appeared as the frontispiece of Death’s Duell (1632).

155.13  chiffonier: a tall elegant chest of drawers.

155.28  his namesake: i.e. Paul Zukofsky; see 143.6f.

156.5    Measure, tacit is: see 131.16.

156.9    A rich sitter: see 17.27, where this phrase refers to Lorine Niedecker.

156.16  acacia: see 141.4.

156.17  Division: wits so undivided: see 142.3.

157.5    billets-doux: Fr. love letters.

157.10  Stainer— / Jacob Stainer…: Jacobus Stainer (c.1617-1683), a great violin maker from Absam (near Innsbruck), Austria; see 13.306.1. The information on violin makers through 157.30 was evidently taken from notes supplied by Niedecker in a letter received by LZ on 30 Dec. 1950 (Penberthy 171-172).

157.23  Stradivarius brothers…: sons of Antonio Stadivari (1644-1737), Omobono (1679-1742) and Francesco (1671-1743), the great Cremonese violin makers from Italy; there has been a good deal of speculation and research concerning the “secret” that makes the Stradivarius violins such superior instruments.

157.31  Joseph Slavik / Of Chopin’s Vienna…: (d. 1833) violinist; Frederic Chopin (1810-1849), the Polish composer and pianist, made these remarks in a letter dated 25 Dec. 1830. LZ’s source is notes sent by Niedecker in the letter received 30 Dec. 1950 (see 157.10), who mentions her source as Wdoszynski’s The Life and Death of Chopin (1849), which apparently should be Kazimierz Wierzynski, The Life and Death of Chopin (English translation 1949)—the mistranscription here may be by LZ, since apparently what we have is Niedecker’s notes copied out by LZ onto the margins of her letter (Penberthy 173).

158.7    Old Black Joe: folk song by Stephen Foster (1826-1864).

158.8    Largo: It., in music, very slow; but here “Händel’s Largo,” the opening aria in praise of a plane tree, “Ombra mai fù,” from the opera Xerxes (1738); see CSP 126.

158.10  red-hair’s / Concerto in A minor: Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741), violin concerto, probably Op. 3 No. 8, from L’Estro Armonico composed 1711.

158.20  Rabbi Pinhas: / From true prayers…: Pinhas of Koretz (d. 1791), an early Hasidic master. This and most of the passages through 161.2 have been identified by Taggart (199-201) as most probably from Martin Buber, Ten Rungs: Hasidic Sayings (1947). Buber’s particular take on Hasidism, as well as his versions of Hasidic sayings and tales, appeared in many overlapping works over the course of his career, a number of which were translated into English in the years immediately preceding the composition of “A”-12. In Ten Rungs, Buber gives titles to each of the sayings or anecdotes: “The Pupil”: “Rabbi Pinhas said: ‘Ever since I began giving true service to my Maker, I have not tried to gain anything, but only taken what God gave me. It is because the pupil is dark that it absorbs every ray of light’” (19).

158.25  Bread and a coat…: echoes Genesis 28:20-21, see 150.5-6.

158.29  and sense sure, / Else not motion: from Hamlet III.iv; qtd. 127.6.

158.31  Rabbi Leib: / What is the worth of their / Expounding the Torah…: through 161.2 from Buber, Ten Rungs. Rabbi Leib, son of Sarah (1730?-1796), Hasidic disciple of Baal Shem Tov (see 139.27). Only the lines 159.1-6 are specifically attributed to Rabbi Leib, with the subsequent lines coming from elsewhere in Buber, Ten Rungs: “To Say Torah and Be Torah”: “This is what Rabbi Leib, son of Sarah, used to say about those rabbis who expound the Torah: ‘What does it amount to—their expounding the Torah! A man should see to it that all his actions are a Torah and that he himself becomes so entirely a Torah that one can learn from his habits and his motions and his motionless clinging to God’” (66).
159.7-8: Given a share, the body / Comports the soul…: “Body and Soul”: “Everyone should have pity upon his body and allow it to share in all that illumines the soul. […] But if the body is given a share, it can also be of use to the soul. […]” (71).
159.9-10: “In Water”: “[…] Man can see his reflection in water only when he bends close to it, and the heart of man too must lean down to the heart of his fellow; then it will see itself within his heart” (79).
159.11-12: “He Is Your Psalm”: “The prayer a man says, that prayer, of itself, is God. It is not as if you were asking something of a friend. Your friend is different from you and our words are different. It is not so in prayer, for prayer unites the principles. […]” (33).
159.14-15: “The Mouth and the Heart”: “[…] ‘to walk humbly with thy God’—that is the central pillar, the order of truth: that your heart and mouth be one and not directed to devious purposes, nor to any of the evil powers which are called ‘the dead.’ […] For he who joins his mouth and his heart, joins the bridegroom and the bride—God who is holy, with his Presence” (73).
159.16, 21-22: “All the Melodies”: “Every people has its own melody, and no people sings the melody of another. But Israel sings all the melodies, in order to bring them to God. So, in the ‘Section of Praise,’ all the creatures that live on the earth, and all the birds, utter each his own song. But Israel makes a song out of all of their songs, in order to bring them to God” (31).
159.19-20: “Great Holiness”: “[…] Because of the great power of [the Song of Song’s] holiness, it does not appear to be holy at all” (98).
159.23-24: “Two Pockets”: “Everyone must have two pockets, so that he can reach into the one or the other, according to his needs. In his right pocket are to be the words: ‘For my sake was the world created,’ and in his left: ‘I am dust and ashes’” (106).
159.25-26: “How to Say Torah”: “I shall teach you the best way to say Torah. You must cease to be aware of yourselves. You must be nothing but an ear that hears what the universe of the word is constantly saying within you. The moment you start hearing what you yourself are saying, you must stop” (65).

159.21  “Section of Praise” / Uniting the degrees: although one might expect the “Section of Praise” to be the Hallel (Psalms 113-118), Buber’s note identifies this as the midrashic Perek Shirab (literally, “A Chapter of Song”): “a compilation of scriptural verses in praise of God, which all living things recite, each chanting its own special verse” (120). However the latter phrase is repeated at 171.13 in a context that specifically refers to Psalms and thus to the Songs of Degrees (Psalms 120-134); cf. 14.316.11. Taggart discusses at length the significant of the term “degrees” in LZ’s work (197-202).

159.27  Rabbi Pinhas: It teaches a man…: through 161.2 mostly from Buber, Ten Rungs:
159.27-160.1: “The Soul’s Teaching”: “Rabbi Pinhas often cited the words: ‘A man’s soul will teach him,’ and emphasized them by adding: ‘There is no man who is not constantly being taught by his soul.’ One of his disciples asked: ‘If this is so, why don’t men obey their souls?’ ‘The soul teaches constantly,’ Rabbi Pinhas explained, ‘but it never repeats’” (65).
160.2-6: A work spoken / in the name of the blest…: “When a word is spoken in the name of its speaker, his lips move in the grave. And the lips of him who utters the word move like those of the master who is dead” (62).
160.7-8: “Between Men: “There are those who suffer greatly and cannot tell what is in their hearts, and they go their way full of suffering. But if they meet someone whose face is bright with laughter, he can quicken them with his gladness. And it is no small thing to quicken a human being!” (45).
160.9-10: “The zaddik cannot speak words or teaching unless he first links his soul to the soul of his dead teacher or to that of his teacher’s teacher. Only then is link welded to link, and the teachings flow from Moses to Joshua, form Joshua to the Elders, and so on to the zaddik’s own teacher, and from his teacher to him” (61).
160.11-12: “We must purify the body very greatly so that is may share in everything the soul receives, so that there may be a change in the present state where the soul attains to lofty matters and the body knows nothing about them. But if the body is given a share, it can also be of sue to the soul” (71).
160.13-14: “For Light”: “It is written: ‘Pure olive oil beaten for the light’ [Exodus 27:20]. We shall be beaten and bruised, but in order to glow—not to grovel!” (105).
160.19-161.2: Rabbi S said: / —You can learn from everything…: “Of Modern Inventions”: “’You can learn from everything,’ the rabbi of Sadagora once said to his Hasidim. ‘Everything can teach us something, and not only everything God has created. What man has made has also something to teach us.’ ‘What can we learn from a train?’ one hasid asked dubiously. ‘That because of one second one can miss everything.’ ‘And from the telegraph?’ ‘That every word is counted and charged.’ ‘And the telephone?’ ‘That what we say here is heard there’” (49).

161.3    the Preacher: i.e. Ecclesiastes.

161.6    There was H– playing…: perhaps the great violinist Jascha Heifetz (1901-1987).

161.7    The Turkish Concerto / By Mozart: see 147.5.

161.23  economy of force: a key principle of military tactics, attributed to Carl von Clausewitz (see 202.14), whereby all one’s forces are brought to bare on the battle with maximum effectiveness.

161.26  eye of sky: see 132.19, 135.24, 138.17, 138.26.

162.4    lese majesté: Fr. violating majesty; an offense violating the dignity of a ruler, a detraction from or affront to dignity or importance.

162.6    Archibald…:

162.19  Phaedo: / The lover of wisdom…: from Plato’s Phaedo (84): “For not in that way does the soul of a philosopher reason; she will not ask philosophy to release her in order that when released she may deliver herself up again to the thralldom of pleasures and pains, doing a work only to be undone again, weaving instead of unweaving her Penelope’s web. But she will make herself a calm of passion and follow Reason, and dwell in her, beholding the true and divine (which is not a matter of opinion), and thence derive nourishment. Thus she seeks to live while she lives, and after death she hopes to go to her own kindred and to be freed from human ills” (trans. Benjamin Jowett).

162.29  Who serves the public, / A heavenly singer at a feast: the quotations through 163.5 all appear in the “Comments” appended to “A Statement for Poetry (1950),” which gives a historical catalog of thumbnail definitions of poetry or the poet (Prep+ 223-224). These lines refer to Homer, Odyssey XVII, when Odysseus first returns home in disguise; also mentioned at Prep+ 19 and “Chloride of Lime and Charcoal” III (CSP 127): “Who ever goes himself and invites a stranger from abroad? Unless it be one who serves the public, such as a prophet or a physician or a clever craftsman, or it may be a heavenly singer to give pleasure at a feast. Men like these are invited all the world over; but no one would invite a beggar to burden hissen with” (trans. W.H.D. Rouse).
            LZ may also have been aware that this line from Homer appears in Aristotle, Politics VIII.3 (1338a): “And therefore our fathers admitted music into education, not on the ground either of its necessity or utility, for it is not necessary, nor indeed useful in the same manner as reading and writing, which are useful in money-making, in the management of a household, in the acquisition of knowledge and in political life, nor like drawing, useful for a more correct judgment of the works of artists, nor again like gymnastic, which gives health and strength; for neither of these is to be gained from music. There remains, then, the use of music for intellectual enjoyment in leisure; which is in fact evidently the reason of its introduction, this being one of the ways in which it is thought that a freeman should pass his leisure; as Homer says, ‘But he who alone should be called to the pleasant feast,’ and afterwards he speaks of others whom he describes as inviting ‘The bard who would delight them all.’ And in another place Odysseus says there is no better way of passing life than when men's hearts are merry and ‘The banqueters in the hall, sitting in order, hear the voice of the minstrel.’ It is evident, then, that there is a sort of education in which parents should train their sons, not as being useful or necessary, but because it is liberal or noble” (trans. Benjamin Jowett).

162.31  the noblest embraces the whole art / Involving…: from Dante, De Vulgari Eloquentia as quoted in the original version of the contemporaneous “A Statement for Poetry (1950)” (Prep + 224): “…in works of art, that is noblest which embraces the whole art (Bk. 2, iii) […] …the exercise of discernment as to words involves by no means the smallest labour of our reason (Bk. 2, vii)” (trans. A.G. Ferrers Howell). LZ was particularly fond of the former remark, which is also quoted or paraphrased in The Writing of Guillaume Apollinaire 184/185, “Poetry / For My Son When He Can Read” (Prep+ 9) and Bottom 392.

163.2    that cannot be praiseless / Which considers each word: from Sir Philip Sidney, An Apology for Poetry (1595): “… that cannot be praiseless which doth most polish that blessing of speech; which considereth each word…by his measured quantity; carrying even in themselves a harmony (without, perchance, number, measure, order, proportion be in our time grown odious)” (as qtd. Prep+ 224).

163.4    the lady shall say her mind…: from Shakespeare, Hamlet II.ii: “Hamlet: He that plays the king shall be welcome; his majesty shall have tribute of me; the adventurous knight shall use his foil and target; the lover shall not sigh gratis; the humourous man shall end his part in peace; the clown shall make those laugh whose lungs are tickled o’ the sere; and the lady shall say her mind freely, or the blank verse shall halt for’t. What players are they?” This quotation appears repeatedly in Bottom 19, 145, 327, 333, and in the original version of “A Statement for Poetry (1950)” (Prep+ 224).

163.7    With flowers of odious savours sweet: from Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night’s Dream III.i (qtd. Bottom 58, 326):
Bottom: Thisby, the flowers of odious savours sweet,—
Quince: Odours, odours.
Bottom: —odours savours sweet:
So hath thy breath, my dearest Thisby dear.
But hark, a voice! Stay thou but here awhile,
And by and by I will to thee appear.

163.22  a-this’s—…: see 17.381.33, which quotes from “An Old Note on WCW” on “his Stein-ish definition of substance ‘a this’” (Prep+ 51). In Bottom LZ indexes “this, a”; in four cases the use is attributed to Aristotle, although without indicating the source; the final instance actually refers to the phrase “earthy persistence.” Aristotle uses “a this” in Physics, De Anima and Metaphysics to designate the quality of existence of something. Most likely LZ is thinking of De Anima:
            De Anima I.1 (402a): "First, no doubt, it is necessary to determine in which of the summa genera soul lies, what it is; is it 'a this-somewhat,’ a substance, or is it a quale or a quantum, or some other of the remaining kinds of predicates which we have distinguished? Further, does soul belong to the class of potential existents, or is it not rather an actuality? Our answer to this question is of the greatest importance.”
            De Anima II.1 (412a): “We are in the habit of recognizing, as one determinate kind of what is, substance, and that in several senses, (a) in the sense of matter or that which in itself is not 'a this', and (b) in the sense of form or essence, which is that precisely in virtue of which a thing is called 'a this', and thirdly (c) in the sense of that which is compounded of both (a) and (b). Now matter is potentiality, form actuality; of the latter there are two grades related to one another as e.g. knowledge to the exercise of knowledge” (trans. J.A. Smith).

163.23  inanimate / or / heady / and souled: probably refers to Aristotle who distinguishes between the inanimate and those things with soul or that are alive—soul for Aristotle having the sense of a life principal rather than the more familiar theological sense.

163.24  I AM THAT I AM…: God’s response to Moses’ query as to God’s name: “And God said unto Moses, I AM THAT I AM: and he said, Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel, I AM hath sent me unto you” (Exodus 3:14).

163.26  Euhius Euan: Bacchus in Lucretius; see 165.11.

164.17  Just as if what each of them fights for / may not be the truth: from Lucretius, De Rerum Natura (On the Nature of Things) (V.729-30), translated by Cyril Bailey (Oxford UP, 1910); qtd. Bottom 138. This remark refers to various and ultimately undecidable theories on the phases of the moon and continues: “or there were any cause why you should venture to adopt the one less than the other.” This appears just a few lines before the famous description of Spring’s arrival that LZ paraphrases at 165.1-19, which in this context Lucretius introduces to make the point that although we may not be able to prove why, we nonetheless should not be surprised at the regularity of natural cycles.

164.19  Lucretius: Titus Lucretius Carus (1^st century BC), Roman poet of On the Nature of Things expounding the materialist philosophy of Epicurus.

164.22  Macedonia: Aristotle was tutor to the young Alexander the Great, whose father Phillip was King of Macedonia to the north of Greece.

164.30  Carus: Lucretius; see 164.19.

165.1    Dear Spring goes her way with Venus…: through 165.19 from Lucretius, De Rerum Natura (On the Nature of Things). LZ adapts the translation of Cyril Bailey : “Spring goes on her way and Venus, and before them treads Venus’s winged harbinger; and following close on the steps of Zephyrus, mother Flora strews and fills all the way before them with glorious colours and scents. Next after follows parching heat, and as companion at her side dusty Ceres and the etesian blasts of the north winds. Then autumn advances, and step by step with her Euhius Euan. Then follow the other seasons and their winds, Volturnus, thundering on high, and the south wind, whose strength is the lightning. Last of all the year’s end brings snow, and winter renews numbing frost; it is followed by cold, with chattering teeth. Wherefore it is less wonderful if the moon is born at a fixed time, and again at a fixed time is blotted out, since so many things can come to pass at fixed times” (V.737-750). LZ refers to this passage in Prep+ 50 and Bottom 86 and 401.

165.20  Like hell of flames / shooting out of the tops of your heads…: from a Lorine Niedecker (L.N. of 165.23) letter received by LZ on 30 Dec. 1950 (see 157.10): “My picture of you three there creatn like hell is of flames shooting out of the tops of your heads while your feet freeze. Blake would probably paint chuh that way” (Penberthy 173).

165.24  Quire of will / And fated, / Had Shakespeare read him— / Cribbed this?: see 127.3. Shakespeare uses the word “quire” or variant spellings in the first sense (= choir) seven times: e.g. Sonnet 73, Henry VI Part 2 I.iii.87, A Midsummer Night’s Dream II.i.55, Cymbeline III.iii.43, Henry VIII IV.i.64. LZ may also have in mind, following on the above paraphrase from Lucretius, Shakespeare’s “Winter’s Song” (“When icicles hang”) from Love’s Labour’s Lost. See Bottom 398-401 for LZ’s speculative identifications of Lucretius in various Shakespeare texts.

165.28  Since in our body / Riches do not increase…: through 167.31 from Lucretius, De Rerum Natura (see 165.1):
165.28-166.8: “Wherefore since in our body riches are of no profit, nor high birth nor the glories of kingship, for the rest, we must believe that they avail nothing for the mind as well […]. But if we see these thoughts are mere mirth and mockery, and in very truth the fears of men and the cares that dog them fear not the clash of arms nor the weapons of war, but pass boldly among kings and lords of the world, nor dread the glitter that comes from gold nor the bright sheen of the purple robe, can you doubt that all such power belongs to reason alone, above all when the whole of life is but a struggle in darkness?” (II.37-54).
166.9-16: “Some of them come to ruin to win statues and a name; and often through fear of death so deeply does the hatred of life and the sight of light possess men, that with sorrowing heart they compass their own death, forgetting that it is this fear which is the source of their woes, which assails their honour, which bursts the bonds of friendship, and overturns affection from its lofty throne. […] This terror, then, this darkness of the mind, must needs be scattered, not by the rays of the sun and the gleaming shafts of day, but by the outer view and the inner law of nature” (III.78-93).
166.17-19: “Afterward, when now the body is shattered by the stern strength of time, and the frame has sunk with its force dulled, then the reason is maimed, the tongue raves, the mind stumbles, all things give way and fail at once” (III.451-454).
166.20-21: “For never does any man long for himself and life, when mind and body alike rest in slumber. For all we care sleep may then be never-ending, nor does any yearning for ourselves then beset us. […] Much less then should we think that death is to us, if there can be less than what we see to be nothing […]” (III.919-927).
166.22-24: “And from certain things scents stream off unceasingly; just as cold streams off from rivers, heat from the sun, spray from the waves of the sea, which gnaws away walls all around the shores. Nor do diverse voices cease to fly abroad through the air. Again, often moisture of a salt savour comes into our mouth, when we walk by the sea, and on the other hand, when we watch wormwood being diluted and mixed, a bitter taste touches it” (IV.218-223).
166.24-30: “And yet we do not grant that in this the eyes are a whit deceived. For it is theirs to see in what several spots there is light and shade: but whether it is the same light or not, whether it is the same shadow which was here, that now passes there, or whether that rather comes to pass which I said a little before, this the reasoning of the mind alone must needs determine, nor can the eyes know the nature of things. Do not then be prone to fasten on the eyes this fault in the mind. The ship, in which we journey, is borne along, when it seems to be standing still; another, which remains at anchor, is thought to be passing by” (IV.379-386). LZ refers to this passage in Bottom 401. LZ’s rendition of Lucretius from 166.25-167.12 is also quoted in Bottom 138 and paraphrased at 88-89.
166.31-167.5: “You will find that the concept of the true is begotten first from the senses, and that the senses cannot be gainsaid. For something must be found with a greater surety, which can of its own authority refute the false by the true. Next then, what must be held to be of greater surety than sense? Will reason, sprung from false sensation, avail to speak against the senses, when it is wholly sprung from the senses? For unless they are true, all reason too becomes false. Or will the ears be able to pass judgement on the eyes, or touch on the ears? Or again will the taste in the mouth refute this touch; will the nostrils disprove it, or the eyes show it false? It is not so, I trow. […] And so it must needs be that one sense cannot prove another false” (IV.478-496). Cf. Bottom’s remarks on waking up from his “dream” in A Midsummer Night’s Dream IV.i.207-225, which LZ quotes to open the Preface to Bottom (9).
167.8-9: “Moreover, a voice is severed in every direction, since voices are begotten one from another, when once one voice has issued forth and sprung apart into many, even as a spark of fire is often wont to scatter itself into its several fires. And so places hidden far from sight are filled with voices; they are in a ferment all around, alive with sound” (IV.603-608).
167.10-12: “Inasmuch as the one is like the other, what we see with the mind, and what we see with the eyes, they must needs be created in like manner” (IV.750-751). For the phrase “shape of their ground,” cf. 126.10-13.
167.13-15: “Moreover, the minds of men, which with mighty movement perform mighty tasks, often in sleep do and dare just the same; kings storm towns, are captured, join battle, raise a loud cry, as though being murdered—all without moving” (IV.1011-1014).
167.16-18: “This pleasure is Venus for us; from it comes Cupid, our name for love, from it first of all that drop of Venus’s sweetness has trickled into our heart and chilly care has followed after. For it the object of your love is away, yet images of her are at hand, her loved name is present to your ears” (IV.1058-1062).
167.19-22: “For the rest, that I may delay you no more with promises, first of all look upon seas, and lands, and sky; their threefold nature, their three bodies, Memmius, their three forms so diverse, their three textures so vast, one single day shall hurl to ruin; and the massive form and fabric of the world, held up for many years, shall fall headlong.” (V.91-109).
167.23-24: “And so, bursting out from the quarter of the earth through its loose-knit openings, first of all the fiery ether rose up and, being so light, carried off with it many fires, in not far different wise than often we see now, when first the golden morning light of the radiant sun reddens over the grass bejeweled with dew, and the pools and ever-running streams give off a mist, yea, even as the earth from time to time is seen to steam: and when all these are gathered together as they move upwards, clouds with body now formed weave a web beneath the sky on high” (V.457-466).
167.25-31: “For we see many events, which come to pass at a fixed time in all things. Trees blossom at a fixed time, and at a fixed time lose their flower. Even so at a fixed time age bids the teeth fall, and the hairless youth grow hairy with soft down and let a soft beard flow alike from either cheek” (V.666-674). Trans. Cyril Bailey.

168.3    one emendator said: / —If a dog hunted fleas…: from A.E. Housman (1859-1936), “The Application of Thought to Textual Criticism” (1921): “[…] textual criticism is not a branch of mathematics, nor indeed an exact science at all. It deals with a matter not rigid and constant, like lines and numbers, but fluid and variable; namely the frailties and aberrations of the human mind, and of its insubordinate servants, the human fingers. It therefore is not susceptible of hard-and-fast rules. […] A textual critic engaged upon his business is not at all like Newton investigating the motions of the planets: he is much more like a dog hunting for fleas. If a dog hunted for fleas on mathematical principles, basing his researches on statistics of area and population, he would never catch a flea except by accident. They require to be treated as individuals; and every problem which presents itself to the textual critic must be regarded as possibly unique.”

168.9    In Shakespeare is militarist— / Not recorded again until 1860: see All’s Well That Ends Well IV.iii:
”First Lord: You’re deceived, my lord: this is Monsieur Parolles, the gallant militarist,—that was his own phrase,—that had the whole theoric of war in the knot of his scarf, and the practice in the chape of his dagger.”

168.17  Infinite things in / Infinite modes / Follow…: from Spinoza, Ethics II, Prop. IV: “The idea of God from which infinite things in infinite modes follow can only be one” (trans. Andrew Boyle).

168.21  G.S. begins / “Making of Americans”…: Gertrude Stein (1874-1946) begins The Making of Americans (1925) by quoting (unacknowledged) Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics (see quotation at 236.20): “Once an angry man dragged his father along the ground through his own orchard. ‘Stop!’ cried the groaning old man at last, ‘Stop! I did not drag my father beyond this tree.’ It is hard living down the tempers we are born with.” This quotation also appears in The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933), which appears complete along with the opening section of The Making of Americans in Selected Writings of Gertrude Stein, ed. Carl Van Vechten (1946), which was in the LZ library.

168.26  That she said, / “How can you know…: from Gertrude Stein, “What Is English Literature?” in Lectures in America (1935): “Knowledge is the thing you know and how can you know more than you do know” (11). “Before that [the nineteenth century] in all the periods before things had been said been known been described been sung about, been fought about been destroyed been denied been imprisoned been lost but never been explained. So then they began to explain. And we may say that they have been explaining ever since” (38). Qtd. Prep+ 50.

169.9    Beyond Physics: that is, Metaphysics; the editors of Aristotle decided to simply call the work we know under this title as “after Physics,” since it followed the latter work in their compilation.

169.10  All men by nature desire…: through 169.17 from the opening paragraph of Aristotle, Metaphysics I.1 (980a) with LZ’s parenthetical addition (qtd. Bottom 39): “All men by nature desire to know. An indication of this is the delight we take in our senses; for even apart from their usefulness they are loved for themselves; and above all others the sense of sight. For not only with a view to action, but even when we are not going to do anything, we prefer seeing (one might say) to everything else. The reason is that this, most of all the senses, makes us know and brings to light many differences between things” (trans. W.D. Ross).

169.18 Ethics or Character: etymologically ethics is from the Gr. ηθικός (ēthikos), of or for morals, moral, expressing character; from ēthos, character, moral nature (CD). Here referring to Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics.

169.19  Seeing seems at any moment complete…: through 169.26 from Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics X.4 (1174a): “What pleasure is, or what kind of thing it is, will become plainer if we take up the question again from the beginning. Seeing seems to be at any moment complete, for it does not lack anything which coming into being later will complete its form; and pleasure also seems to be of this nature. For it is a whole, and at no time can one find a pleasure whose form will be completed if the pleasure lasts longer. For this reason, too, it is not a movement. For every movement (e.g. that of building) takes time and is for the sake of an end, and is complete when it has made what it aims at. It is complete, therefore, only in the whole time or at that final moment” (trans. W.D. Ross). Qtd. Bottom 62.

169.27  Said Nicomachus’ father…: i.e. Aristotle.

169.29  In his teacher’s Republic: Plato’s Republic. In his introduction to the Republic, Jowett makes the point that Plato and Aristotle have more points of agreement than is usually acknowledged, and in Part Two of Bottom, LZ is very interested in the similarities and differences between the two philosophers.

169.30  Eyes, their excellence, that is, sight: from Plato, Republic Book I (353):

“[Socrates] ‘Then now I think you will have no difficulty in understanding my meaning when I asked the question whether the end of anything would be that which could not be accomplished, or not so well accomplished, by any other thing?’ ‘I understand your meaning,’ [Thrasymachus] said, ‘and assent.’ ‘And that to which an end is appointed has also an excellence? Need I ask again whether the eye has an end?’ ‘It has.’ ‘And has not the eye an excellence?’ ‘Yes.’ […] ‘Well, and can the eyes fulfill their end if they are wanting in their own proper excellence and have a defect instead?’ ‘How can they,’ he said, ‘if they are blind and cannot see?’ ‘You mean to say, if they have lost their proper excellence, which is sight […]’ (trans. Benjamin Jowett). On Plato and the “excellence of the eyes,” see Bottom 101, 105.

Cf. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics II.6 (1106a): “We may remark, then, that every virtue or excellence both brings into good condition the thing of which it is the excellence and makes the work of that thing be done well; e.g. the excellence of the eye makes both the eye and its work good; for it is by the excellence of the eye that we see well. Similarly the excellence of the horse makes a horse both good in itself and good at running and at carrying its rider and at awaiting the attack of the enemy. Therefore, if this is true in every case, the virtue of man also will be the state of character which makes a man good and which makes him do his own work well” (trans. W.D. Ross; key parts of this passage are qtd. in Bottom 59, 307-308 (quoting from the Loeb Classical Library edition, trans. H. Rackham) and mentioned at 105.

170.1    Justice like sight, hearing…: through 170.3 from Plato, Republic Book II (367): “Now as you have admitted that justice is one of that highest class of goods which are desired indeed for their results, but in a far greater degree for their own sakes—like sight or hearing or knowledge or health, or any other real and natural and not merely conventional good—I would ask you in your praise of justice to regard one point only: I mean the essential good and evil which justice and injustice work in the possessors of them” (trans. Benjamin Jowett).

170.6    How can we know the object of sense…: through 170.16 from Aristotle, Metaphysics I.9, critiquing Plato: “Further, how could we know the objects of sense without having the sense in question? Yet we ought to, if the elements of which all things consist, as complex sounds consist of the elements proper to sound, are the same (993a). […] And in general the arguments for the Forms destroy the things for whose existence we are more zealous than for the existence of the Idea (990b). […] Nor have the Forms any connexion with what we see to be the cause in the case of the arts, that for whose sake both all mind and the whole of nature are operative,—with this cause which we assert to be one of the first principles; but mathematics has come to be identical with philosophy for modern thinkers, though they say that it should be studied for the sake of other things. Further, one might suppose that the substance which according to them underlies as matter is too mathematical, and is a predicate and differentia of the substance, i.e. of the matter, rather than matter itself; i.e. the great and the small are like the rare and the dense which the physical philosophers speak of, calling these the primary differentiae of the substratum; for these are a kind of excess and defect. And regarding movement, if the great and the small are to be movement, evidently the Forms will be moved; but if they are not to be movement, whence did movement come? The whole study of nature has been annihilated” (992a-992b). Cf. quotations at Bottom 54-55.

170.17  double palimpsest: a palimpsest is an ancient parchment that has been erased and written over again, although often the original writing can be more or less discerned, so a double palimpsest is a manuscript twice erased and overwritten. See discussion of Aristotle’s critique of Plato and the latter’s Timaeus in Bottom 42-43, 74-75.

170.26  for an / ancient Hindu: see 126.25 and quotation from the Creation Hymn of the Rig Veda above at 126.24.

170.31  Number slain. / Hearts remote…: from Shakespeare, “The Phoenix and Turtle,” lines 28-30, 41, 44. This poem is treated in some detail in Bottom, where it is described as “probably the greatest English metaphysical poem,” and is a key statement of LZ’s overall thesis (see esp. 25-26 and index for numerous other mentions).
So they loved, as love in twain
Had the essence but in one;
Two distincts, division none:
Number there in love was slain.

Hearts remote, yet not asunder;
Distance, and no space was seen
'Twixt the turtle and his queen:
But in them it were a wonder.

So between them love did shine,
That the turtle saw his right
Flaming in the phoenix' sight;
Either was the other's mine.

Property was thus appalled,
That the self was not the same;
Single nature's double name
Neither two nor one was called.

Reason, in itself confounded,
Saw division grow together,
To themselves yet either neither,
Simple were so well compounded,

That it cried, How true a twain
Seemeth this concordant one!
Love hath reason, reason none,
If what parts can so remain.

171.9    Simple the certain nature—: from Aristotle, Metaphysics XII.7 (1072a): “The one and the simple are not the same; for ‘one’ means a measure, but ‘simple’ means the thing itself has a certain nature.” Qtd. Bottom 55.

171.10  Those who sing Psalms, / Odes of bright principles / Come for the sky…: in all likelihood the Psalms of the Old Testament are here conflated with the Confucian Odes. In his 1929 essay on EP, LZ quotes the phrase “the bright principal of our reason” from the former’s original rendition of the Confucian Ta Hio: The Great Learning (Prep+ 69). For the mention of sky or the heavens, see note at 132.19 and an explicit conjunction of the sky with a Confucian Ode at 135.4.

171.13  Uniting the degrees: see 159.22.

171.15  We speak of heavenly songs. They / Are intoned…: through 172.32 from Paracelsus (see 134.9):
171.15-24: “What we can do must come to us from another who can do it; for nothing can be learned from someone who knows nothing. And although we speak of heavenly songs and symphonies, they are produced neither by harps nor lutes, but are a noise in the clouds, an echo from the earth. Thus all things come from God, and God plants all things in us according to His will. In the stars all skills are arts, all crafts are hidden, and also all wisdom, all reason, as well as foolishness and what belongs to it; for there is nothing in man that does not flow into him from the light of nature. But what is in the light of nature is subject to the influence of the stars. The stars are our school in which everything must be learned. If there had been no Venus, music would never have been invented, and if there had been no Mars, neither would the crafts ever have been invented. Thus the stars teach us all the arts that exist on earth; and if the stars were not active in us, and if we had been compelled to discover everything in ourselves, no art would ever have come into being” (128-129).
171.26-29: “Man was not born out of a nothingness, but was made from a substance. . . . The Scriptures state that God took the limus terrae, the primordial stuff of the earth, and formed man out of this mass. […] But limus terrae is also the Great World, and thus man was created from heaven and earth. Limus terrae is an extract of the firmament, of the universe of stars, and at the same time of all the elements. . . .” (16).
171.30-172.6: “Heaven encompasses both spheres—the upper and the lower—to the end that nothing mortal and nothing transient may reach beyond them into that realm which lies outside the heaven that we see. . . . For mortal and immortal things must not touch each other, and must not dwell together. Therefore, the Great World, the macrocosm, is closed in itself in such a way that nothing can leave it, but that everything that is of it and within it remains complete and undivided. Such is the Great World. Next to it subsists the Little World, that is to say, man. He is enclosed in a skin, to the end that his blood, his flesh, and everything he is as a man may not become mixed with that Great World. . . . For one would destroy the other. Therefore man has a skin; it delimits the shape of the human body, and through it he can distinguish the two worlds from each other—the Great World and the Little World, the macrocosm and man—and can keep separate that which must not mingle. Thus the Great World remains completely undisturbed in its husk. . . .” (17).
172.7-10: “The inner stars of man are, in their properties, kind, and nature, by their course and position, like his outer stars, and different only in form and in material. For as regards their nature, it is the same in the ether and in the microcosm, man. . . . Just as the sun shines through a glass—as though divested of body and substance—so the stars penetrate one another in the body. . . . For the sun and the moon and all planets, as well as all the stars and the whole chaos, are in man. . . . The body attracts heaven . . . and this takes place in accordance with the great divine order” (21). “The sun can shine through a glass, and fire can radiate warmth through the walls of the stove, although the sun does not pass through the glass and the fire does not go through the stove; in the same way, the human body can act at a distance while remaining at rest in one place, like the sun, which shines through the glass and yet does not pass through it. Hence nothing must be attributed to the body itself but only to the forces that flow from it […]” (43).
172.11-13: “The world edifice is made of two parts—one tangible and perceptible, and one invisible and imperceptible. The tangible part is the body, the invisible is the Stars. […] The two parts together constitute life” (18-19).
172.14-18 paraphrases from the chapter “On True Government” (184-189), which speaks of sages and other leaders as guides and shepherds, as well as the following: “Any attempt to establish injunctions for all eternity is folly. For what can man build on earth that will be eternal? […] All things are the product of time, and no one can raise himself above time; everyone is subject to time” (186).
172.19-23: see quotation at 172.7-10, and: “Heaven imprints nothing upon us; it is the hand of God that has created us in His likeness. Regardless how we are made—in all our members the hand of God has been directly at work. God endowed us with our complexions, qualities, and habits when He endowed us with life” (21-22).
172.24: “Thus the child [in the womb] requires no stars or planets: its mother is its star and its planet” (32).
172.25-27: “Man is the Little World, but woman . . . is the Littlest World, and hence she is different from man. […] Thus the cosmos is the greatest world, the world of man the next greatest, and that of woman the smallest and least. […] Also what they bring forth is transitory, and therein they do not differ. But the manner in which they bring it forth is different in the cosmos, in man, and in woman. And because the ways and means are different, the result is different in form. . . . But even though these three empires are separated from one another, they are borne by the same spirit . . . for this spirit encompasses them all” (36-37).
172.28-32: “There is one single number that should determine our life on earth, and this number is One. Let us not count further. It is true that the godhead is Three, but the Three is again comprised in the One. […] In this number is rest and peace, and in no other. What goes beyond it is unrest and conflict, struggle of one against another. For if a calculator sets down a number and counts further than one, who can say at what number he will stop? But this question is the difficulty that gnaws at us and worries us. How much more pleasant and better it would be if we always walked in the path of the One” (230).

172.33  geiger: a geiger counter measures radiation levels; Ger. Geige = violin; Geiger = violinist.

173.11  Mystic…: Mystic, Connecticut was a whaling and shipbuilding port in early American history. In 1929 the port was turned into a large maritime museum.

173.16  scrimshanting / In 1820ies. “All these 24 hours…: scrimshant is an alternative spelling of scrimshaw (see 173.10). The origins of the word are uncertain but the first written reference is quoted by LZ from the log for 20 May 1826 of the whaler By Chance.

173.26  Courses tide: see 4.15.11, 5.17.19.

174.2    A father “patient” and “angry” by turns / as his son…: see 168.21 and 236.20.

174.5    but an assemblage / of all possible positions— / The locus: this is a geometrical definition: “The locus of a point or line is the assemblage of all possible positions of the point or line that satisfy a given set of geometric conditions,” and anticipates the passages that follow immediately from Spinoza, Ethics, whose argument is presented as a “geometrical demonstration.”

174.8    As Baruch said accursed, nevermind blest…: Baruch (or Benedict) de Spinoza (1632-1677), Jewish Dutch philosopher. For the numerous quotations and paraphrases from Spinoza that appear throughout much of “A”-12, LZ used the Everyman’s Library edition of the Ethics (including Treatise on the Correction of the Understanding), trans. Andrew Boyle (1910), with an introduction by George Santayana (page references refer to this edition). The first line of this passage refers to the fact that Spinoza’s given name means “blest,” which is how LZ often refers to him. Although LZ generally prefers the Hebrew version of his name, Spinoza adopted the Latin form as a young man after he was excommunicated from Amsterdam Jewish community for his views, which may explain why he might be considered “accursed”; in addition, due to the negative reception of his Tractatus Theologico-Political (1670) he put off publishing the Ethics during his lifetime and posthumously he was for more than a century damned as an arch-atheist. 
174.9: Since men would rather imagine than understand: from Spinoza, Ethics I, Appendix (35): “For it is in every one’s mouth: ‘As many minds as men,’ ‘Each is wise in his own manner,’ ‘As tastes differ, so do minds’—all of which proverbs show clearly enough that men judge things according to the disposition of their minds, and had rather imagine things than understand them. For if they understood things, my arguments would convince them at least, just as mathematics, although they might not attract them” (35).
174.10: And chance is imperfect knowledge: from Spinoza, Ethics I, Prop. 33, Note 1: “Anything is said to be necessary either by reason of its essence or its cause. For the existence of anything necessarily follows either from its very essence or definition, or from a given effecting cause. A thing is said to be impossible by reason of these same causes: clearly for that its essence or definition involves a contradiction, or that no external cause can be given determined for the production of such a thing. But anything can in no wise be said to be contingent save in respect to the imperfection of our knowledge” (26). See also Part II, Prop. 31, Corollary.
174.11: And body exists as we feel it: from Spinoza, Ethics II, Prop. 13, Corollary: “Hence it follows that man consists of mind and body, and that the human body exists according as we feel it” (47).
174.12-13: And essence is that remove, that degree, / without which a thing is no thing: from Spinoza, Ethics II, Def. 2: “I say that appertains to the essence of a thing which, when granted, necessarily involves the granting of the thing, and which, when removed, necessarily involves the removal of the thing; or that without which the thing, or on the other hand, which without the thing can neither exist nor be conceived” (37).
174.15-16: And nothing happens in the body / That is not perceived by the mind: from Spinoza, Ethics II, Prop. 12: “Whatever happens in the object of the idea constituting the human mind must be perceived by the human mind, or the idea of that thing must necessarily be found in the human mind: that is, if the object of the idea constituting the human mind be the body, nothing can happen in that body which is not perceived by the mind” (46).
174.17: The mind also conceives by its power: from Spinoza, Ethics III, Prop. 11 and Note (“its” here refers to the body): “Whatever increases or diminishes, helps or hinders the power of action of our body, the idea thereof increases or diminishes, helps or hinders the power of thinking of our mind. […] we showed that the idea which constitutes the essence of the mind involves the existence of the body as long as the body exists. Again, it follows from what we showed in Coroll., Prop. 8, Part II., and its Note, that the present existence of our mind depends on this alone, that the mind involves the actual existence of the body. Then we showed that the power of the mind by which it imagines and remembers things depends (Prop. 17 and 18, Part II., and its Note) on this, that the mind involves the actual existence of the body. Then it follows that the present existence of the mind and its power of imagining is taken away as soon as the mind ceases to affirm the present existence of the body” (93).

174.18: A contents that is as in the song “sweet content”: perhaps song by Thomas Dekker (1570?-1614) with this title from the play, The Pleasant Comedy of Patient Grissill (1603), although the phrase appears commonly in Renaissance poetry, especially on pastoral themes. A number of composers have set Dekkers song; the first stanza follows:
Art thou poor, yet hast thou golden slumbers?
O sweet content!
Art thou rich, yet is thy mind perplex’d?
O punishment!
Dost thou laugh to see how fools are vex’d
To add to golden numbers, golden numbers?
O sweet content! O sweet, O sweet content!
Work apace, apace, apace, apace;
Honest labour bears a lovely face;
Then hey nonny nonny, hey nonny nonny!

174.19  Since no one cares about anything…: through 175.3 from Spinoza:
174.19: Since no one cares about anything he does not love: from Ethics V, Prop. 20, Note (qtd. Bottom 16): “Again, it is to be noted that these unhealthy states of mind and misfortunes owe their origin for the most part to excessive love for a thing that is liable to many variations, and of which we may never seize the mastery. For no one is anxious or cares about anything that he does not love, nor do injuries, suspicions, enmities arise from anything else than love towards a thing of which no one is truly master. From this we can easily conceive what a clear and distinct knowledge, and principally that third kind of knowledge (concerning which see Note, Prop. 47, Part II.), whose basis is the knowledge of God, can do with the emotions, namely, that if it does not remove them entirely in so far as they are passions (Prop. 3, with Note, Prop. 4, Part V.), at least it brings it about that they constitute the least possible part of the mind (see Prop. 14, Part V.). Moreover, it gives rise to a love towards a thing immutable and eternal (Prop. 15, Part V.), and of which we are in truth masters (Prop. 45, Part II.), and which cannot be polluted by any evils which are in common love, but which can become more and more powerful (Prop. 15, Part V.) and occupy the greatest part of the mind (Prop. 16, Part V.) and deeply affect it” (212-213). See also V, Prop. 37: “There is nothing in nature which is contrary to this intellectual love or which can remove it” (220).
174.20-21: And love is pleasure that dwells on its cause / He who loves keeps what he loves: from Ethics III, Prop. 13, Note: “From this we clearly understand what is love (amor) and what hatred (odium), namely, that love is nothing else than pleasure accompanied by the idea of an external cause; and hate pain accompanied by the idea of an external cause. We see again that he who loves necessarily endeavours to keep present and preserve that which he loves […]” (95).
174.22-24: An image inwreathed with many things…: from Spinoza, Ethics V, Prop. 13 & Proof (qtd. Bottom 29, 89): “The more an image is associated with many other things, the more often it flourishes. Proof.—The more an image is associated with many other things, the more causes there are by which it can be excited. Q.e.d.” Also see Part V, Prop. 11: “The more any image has reference to many things, the more frequent it is, the more often it flourishes, and the more it occupies the mind” (209). See also 11.124.22.
174.25-175.3: If the understanding perceives the idea…: from Spinoza, On the Correction of the Understanding 108.III (qtd. Bottom 29): “The ideas [understanding] forms absolutely express infinity; but determinate ideas are formed from others. For the idea of quantity, if the understanding perceives it by means of a cause, then it determines the quantity, as when it perceives a body to be formed from the motion of a plane, a plane from the motion of a line, as line from the motion of a point: these perceptions do not serve for the understanding but only for the determination of a quantity. This is clear from the fact that we conceive them to be formed, so to speak, from motion, yet this motion is not perceived unless quantity is perceived; and we can prolong the motion in order to form a line of infinite length, which we could do in no wise if we did not have the idea of infinite quantity” (262).

176.3    Rig-Veda: see 126.24.

176.10  gigue: Fr. a lively old dance or jig.

176.12  (Teuton geige—a fiddle): see 172.33.

176.14  Like his contemporary hopping Chassid…: Baal Shem Tov (see 139.27) who advocated praying through singing and dancing.

176.16  Prelude of the Third Partita: see 130.5.

176.17  Theocritus: 3rd century BC Greek Hellenistic pastoral poet. LZ may have WCW in mind here, who was interested in Theocritus and working on translations in the early 1950s, which were included in The Desert Music (1954); see WCWCPII 268-273 and LZ’s positive response to WCW’s “Theocritus: IdylI” on its publication (WCW/LZ 456).

176.23  Take that of Lear, my friend…: from Shakespeare, King Lear IV.vi:

Lear: None does offend, none, I say, none; I’ll able ’em:
Take that of me, my friend, who have the power
To seal the accuser’s lips. Get thee glass eyes;
And like a scurvy politician, seem
To see the things thou dost not.

176.26  Bottom W., Polonius T., / Hamlet H. (for Hamlet) Adams: W probably < Weaver; on “Hamlet Adams” see 192.3.

176.28  M. Croche: an alter-ego pseudonym used by the French composer Claude Debussy (1862-1918) in his journalistic music criticism; see 183.17.

176.30  Seti First…: Egyptian pharaoh, 14th century BC. Possibly referring to the Temple of Seti I and the Osireion at Abydos, which has wall carvings depicting Seti I making libations and offerings to Osiris.

176.32  Hurries to Socrates / Whose words are real…: through 177.8 from two passages in Plato, Phaedo, which recounts the final moments of Socrates life before he dies from taking hemlock. In arguing for the immortality of the soul, Socrates asserts that opposites always imply and are generated out of each other:
            [Socrates speaking with Cebes]. “’Then, suppose that you analyze life and death to me in the same manner. Is not death opposed to life?’ ‘Yes.’ ‘And they are generated one from the other?’ ‘Yes.’ ‘What is generated from the living?’ ‘The dead.’ ‘And what from the dead?’ ‘I can only say in answer—the living.’ ‘Then the living, whether things or persons, Cebes, are generated from the dead?’ ‘That is clear,’ he replied. ‘Then the inference is that our souls are in the world below?’ ‘That is true.’ ‘And one of the two processes or generations is visible—for surely the act of dying is visible?’ ‘Surely,’ he said. ‘What then is to be the result? Shall we suppose nature to walk on one leg only? Must we not rather assign to death some corresponding process of generation?’” (71).
            “And when she [Socrates’ wife Xanthippe] was gone, Socrates, sitting up on the couch, began to bend and rub his leg, saying, as he rubbed: ‘How singular is the thing called pleasure, and how curiously related to pain, which might be thought to be the opposite of it; for they never come to a man together, and yet he who pursues either of them is generally compelled to take the other. They are two, and yet they grow together out of one head or stem; and I cannot help thinking that if Aesop had noticed them, he would have made a fable about God trying to reconcile their strife, and when he could not, he fastened their heads together; and this is the reason why when one comes the other follows, as I find in my own case pleasure comes following after the pain in my leg, which was caused by the chain.’
            Upon this Cebes said: ‘I am very glad indeed, Socrates, that you mentioned the name of Aesop. For that reminds me of a question which has been asked by others, and was asked of me only the day before yesterday by Evenus the poet, and as he will be sure to ask again, you may as well tell me what I should say to him, if you would like him to have an answer. He wanted to know why you who never before wrote a line of poetry, now that you are in prison are putting Aesop [ancient Greek fabulist] into verse, and also composing that hymn in honor of Apollo.’
            ‘Tell him, Cebes,’ he replied, ‘that I had no idea of rivalling him or his poems; which is the truth, for I knew that I could not do that. But I wanted to see whether I could purge away a scruple which I felt about certain dreams. In the course of my life I have often had intimations in dreams “that I should make music.” The same dream came to me sometimes in one form, and sometimes in another, but always saying the same or nearly the same words: Make and cultivate music, said the dream. And hitherto I had imagined that this was only intended to exhort and encourage me in the study of philosophy, which has always been the pursuit of my life, and is the noblest and best of music. The dream was bidding me to do what I was already doing, in the same way that the competitor in a race is bidden by the spectators to run when he is already running. But I was not certain of this, as the dream might have meant music in the popular sense of the word, and being under sentence of death, and the festival giving me a respite, I thought that I should be safer if I satisfied the scruple, and, in obedience to the dream, composed a few verses before I departed. And first I made a hymn in honor of the god of the festival, and then considering that a poet, if he is really to be a poet or maker, should not only put words together but make stories, and as I have no invention, I took some fables of Aesop, which I had ready at hand and knew, and turned them into verse. Tell Evenus this, and bid him be of good cheer; that I would have him come after me if he be a wise man, and not tarry; and that to-day I am likely to be going, for the Athenians say that I must’” (60-61; trans. Benjamin Jowett). LZ alludes to this Aesop passage in Bottom 392.

177.9    Just as the eye that sticks with rime cannot move / When faced to the wall of a cavern…: through 177.16 alludes generally to Plato’s allegory of the cave in Book VII of The Republic, but particularly to the following passage: [Socrates to Glaucon] “Whereas, our argument shows that the power and capacity of learning exists in the soul already; and that just as the eye was unable to turn from darkness to light without the whole body, so too the instrument of knowledge can only by the movement of the whole soul be turned from the world of becoming into that of being, and learn by degrees to endure the sight of being, and of the brightest and best of being, or, in other words, of the good” (518).

177.19  “The eyes of the mind are proofs”: from Spinoza, Ethics; see quotation at 130.19.

177.21  What is this Sight of Being? / Plato: “its brightest and best—good”: see quotation at 177.9.

177.24  “A man can neither be nor be conceived…: from Spinoza, Ethics IV, Prop. 36, Note: “But if any one ask, What if the greatest good of those who follow virtue were not common to all? Would it not then follow as above (see Prop. 34, Part IV.), that men who live according to the mandate of reason, that is (Prop. 35, Part IV.), men, in so far as they agree in nature, would be contrary one to the other? He has this answer for himself, that it arises not accidentally but from the very nature or reason that the greatest good of man should be common to all, clearly because it is deduced from human essence itself in so far as it is defined by reason, and inasmuch as a man can neither be nor be conceived without the power of enjoying the greatest good. It appertains (Prop. 47, Part II.) to the essence of the human mind to have an adequate knowledge of the eternal and infinite essence of God” (165).

177.26  Sane, vain and mad enough / To call himself Paracelsus: Paracelsus literally means “above or beyond Celsus”; Aulus Cornelius Celsus 25 BC-50AD) was reputedly a renown Roman doctor whose work was rediscovered and published in the 15th century. L. celsus itself means high, lofty, prominent, proud, haughty. In the introduction to his selection of Paracelsus’ works, Jacobi remarks that his adoption of the name Paracelsus “contributed a great deal to his reputation for pride and conceit” (xliii).

177.28  In each (of Three Worlds) an urge to exceed…: through 179.9 from Paracelsus (see note at 134.9):
177.28-32: “Therefore there dwells in each of these bodies an urge to exceed that which is given to it, and neither wants to follow a middle course and act with measure. Both strive to exceed their bounds, and each wants to expel the other; thus enmity arises between them. For everything that exceeds its measure brings destruction in its train. Everything that man accomplishes or does, that he teaches or wants to learn, must have its right proportion; it must follow its own line and remain within its circle, to the end that a balance be preserved, that there be no crooked thing, that nothing exceed the circle” (41-42).
177.33-178.17: “And so philosophy is nothing other than the knowledge and discovery of that which has its reflection in the mirror. And just as the image in the mirror gives no one any idea about his nature, and cannot be the object of cognition, but is only a dead image, so is man, considered in himself: nothing can be learned from him alone. For knowledge comes only from that outside being whose mirrored image he is. Heaven is man, and man is heaven, and all men together are the one heaven, and heaven is nothing but one man. You must know this to understand why one place is this way and the other that way, why this is new and that is old, and why there are everywhere so many diverse things. But all this cannot be discovered by studying the heavens. . . . All that can be discovered is the distribution of their active influences…. We, men, have a heaven, and it lies in each of us in its entire plenitude, undivided and corresponding to each man’s specificity. Thus each human life takes its own course, thus dying, death, and disease are unequally distributed, in each case according to the action of the heavens. For if the same heaven were in all of us, all men would have to be equally sick and equally healthy. But this is not so; the unity of the Great Heaven is split into our diversities by the various moments at which we are born. As soon as a child is conceived, it receives its own heaven. If all children had been born at the same moment, all of them would have had the same heaven in them, and their lives would have followed the same course. Therefore, the starry vault imprints itself on the inner heaven of a man. A miracle without equal!” (39-40).
178.18-20: “The sun can shine through a glass, and fire can radiate warmth through the walls of the stove, although the sun does not pass through the glass and the fire does not go through the stove; in the same way, the human body can act at a distance while remaining at rest in one place, like the sun, which shines through the glass and yet does not pass through it. Hence nothing must be attributed to the body itself but only to the forces that flow from it […]” (43).
178.21-23: “For thought gives birth to a creative force that is neither elemental nor sidereal. . . . Thoughts create a new heaven, a new firmament, a new source of energy, from which new arts flow. . . . When a man undertakes to create something, he establishes a new heaven, as it were, and from it the work that he desires to create flows into him” (45).
178.24-30: “The physician does not learn everything he must know and master at high colleges alone; from time to time he must consult old women, gypsies, magicians, wayfarers, and all manner of peasant folk and random people, and learn from them; for they have more knowledge about such things than all the high colleges. The arts are not all confined within one man’s country; they are distributed over the whole world. They are not found in one man alone or in one place, but must be gathered together, sought out, and taken where they happen to be. . . . Or is it not so? Art pursues no one, it must rather be pursued” (57-58).
178.31: “Man’s frivolity is the cause of much disappointment, and we have no right to accuse anyone but ourselves. No one wants to learn his trade to perfection; everyone wants to fly before he has grown wings” (70)
178.32-33: from Spinoza, see note below.
178.34: “Every cure should proceed from the power of the heart; for only thereby can all diseases be expelled. Therefore, and take good note of this, it is particularly absurd to act in opposition to the heart” (96).
179.1-3: “The practice of medicine is a work of art. And because it is a work of art it must prove its master. But how each part is to be judged can be seen only from the work as a whole. It is the art that imparts its wisdom to the work. For through this wisdom the art creates the work” (94-95).
179.4-5: “In all things there is a poison, and there is nothing without a poison. It depends only upon the dose whether a poison is poison or not” (95).
179.6-9: “Man should study in three schools. . . . He should send the elemental or material body to the elemental school, the sidereal or ethereal body to the sidereal school, and the eternal or luminous body to the school of eternity. For three lights burn in man, and accordingly three doctrines are prescribed to him. Only all three together make man perfect. Although the first two light shine but dimly in comparison with the brilliant third light, they too are lights of the world, and man must walk his earthly path in their radiance” (103).

178.32  (Some hundred years later the blest: / A timid child thinks he can fight): from Spinoza, Ethics III, Prop. 2, Note: “Whence it comes about that many believe that we are free in respect only of those things which we desire only moderately, for then we can restrain our desire for those things by the recollection of something else which we frequently recollect: but with respect to those things which we seek with great emotion, and that nothing can obliterate from the mind, we are by no means free. But in truth, if they did not experience that we do many things for which we are sorry afterwards, and that very often when we are harassed by contrary emotions we ‘see the better, yet follow the worse,’ there would be nothing to prevent them from believing that we do all things freely. Thus an infant thinks that it freely seeks milk, an angry child thinks that it freely desires vengeance, or a timid child thinks it freely chooses flight” (88).

179.10  The horse—between his hoofs / And ground sparks rise…: Cf. 175.4f.

179.15  Wears the light of nature— / (Nothing but reason—love—)…: through 180.21 primarily from Paracelsus (see 134.9):
179.15-16: “Everything that man does and has to do, he should do by the light of nature. For the light of nature is nothing other than reason itself” (104).
179.17-18: “We desire to explore the same things as our forefathers desired to explore. However, we should not blindly accept everything they taught, but only that knowledge which is needed in our own time. For what is gone is gone, and the new time confronts us with new tasks!” (105-106).
179.19-20: “But the day of rest was not ordained for the spirit, which must not stand still and idle; it is established only for the rest of the body, as of the beast of the field, and for whatever pertains to it. The sprit must always be at work; neither sleep nor Sabbath can make it still and quite. The same goes for all creatures; even though the body rests, their spirit never stands still and continues to work each day” (115).
179.21-30: “If you are called to write a book, you will not fail to do so, even if it is delayed for sixty or seventy years, or even longer. If you carry it within you and turn it over in your mind, you need to rush at it at once. It will not always remain within, it will have to come out, like a child from the womb of its mother. For only what is born in this way is fertile and good, and then it never comes too late. . . . […] What must be born of you, and what is in you, that comes out, and you know not how or whence it comes, or whither it strives to go. And in the end you find it in that which you have never learned or seen” (115-116).
179.31-180.10: “Behold the Satyrion root, is it not formed like the male privy parts? […] The chicory stands under a special influence of the sun; this is seen in its leaves, which always bend toward the sun as through they wanted to show it gratitude. Hence it is most effective while the sun is shining, while the sun is in the sky. […] Why, do you think, does its root assume the shape of a bird after seven years? What has the art of magic to say about this? If you know the answer, keep silent and say nothing [to] the scoffers; if you do not know it, try to find out, and do not be ashamed to ask questions. When a carpenter builds a house, it first lives in him as an idea; and the house is built according to this idea. […] Now note well that virtue forms the shape of a man, just as the carpenter’s ideas become visible in his house; and a man’s body takes shape in accordance with the nature of his soul” (122-123).
180.11-12: “And in the same way the cosmographer should study the chiromancy [palm reading] of landscapes, countries, and streams” (126).
180.21: “How many books were written before at last a few immortal ones came into being; these are the fruitful boughs that grace the tree” (107).

180.16 To plod is not hobble: Cf. Prep+ 63: “There exists in the labors of any valid artist the sadness of the horse plodding with blinkers and his direction filled with the difficulty of keeping a pace.”

180.27  So year to year— / Not do the arts / Ever end…: through 182.12 mostly from Paracelsus intertwined with the continuing horse motif (see note at 134.9):
180.27-29: “Just as the aspect of the heavens has been constantly renewed from the days of Adam down to our own time, so new arts arise from year to year. And not the arts alone, but every new thing, all wars, all governments, and everything that our brain produces, receive their guidance form the stars now and at all times” (129).
180.30-181.3: “How can a man say, ‘I am certain,’ when he is so far from any certainty? The truth is rather that he knows nothing—he does not know the hour of his death, nor any hour of his life and his health. […] As long as the world stands, all things will be uncertain. For a mixture of certainty and uncertainty does not yet produce certainty. Only divine things are certain, but not earthly things” (206).
181.7-8: “Nothing has been created as ultima materia—in its final state. Everything is at first created in its prima materia, its original stuff; whereupon Vulcan comes, and by the art of alchemy develops it into is final substance. . . . For alchemy means: to carry to its end something that has not yet been completed” (141).
181.9-10: “The soul endures while the body decays, and you may recall that correspondingly a seed must rot away if it is to bear fruit. But what does it mean, to rot? It means only this—that the body decays while its essence, the good, the soul, subsists. […] Decay is the midwife of very great things! It causes many things to rot, that a noble fruit may be born; for it is the reversal, the death and destruction of the original essence of al natural things. It brings about the birth and rebirth of forms a thousand times improved” (143-144).
181.10-12: “The great virtues that lie hidden in nature would never have been revealed if alchemy had not uncovered them and made them visible. Take a tree, for example; a man sees it in the winter, but he does not know what it is, he does not know what it conceals within itself, until summer comes an discloses the buds, the flowers, the fruit. . . .” (144).
181.13-14: “Become poor, indeed, and become poor as a beggar, than the pope will desert you and the emperor will desert you, and henceforth you will be considered only a fool. But then you will have peace, and your folly will be great wisdom in the eyes of God” (178).
181.17-18: “And since all things have been created in an unfinished state, nothing is finished, but Vulcan must bring all things to their completion” (145).
181.19: “No animal thing endures after death. Death is only the death of the animal part, not of the eternal part of man. . . .” (161).
181.20-22: “The light of nature says: wisdom has no other enemy than the man who is not wise. Therefore wisdom has no other enemy but lies, and thus he who teaches and writes in God has no other enemy but him who is not in God” (162-163).
181.25-31: “He who knows nothing loves nothing. He who can do nothing understands nothing. He who understands nothing is worthless. But he who understands also loves, notices, sees. . . . The more knowledge is inherent in a thing, the greater the love. . . . Everything lies in knowledge. From it comes every fruit. Knowledge bestows faith; for he who knows God believe in Him. He who does not know Him does not believe in Him. Everyone believes in what he knows” (163).
181.33-34: “The nature of a man’s virtue is like that of his feelings. His treasure lies where his heart is” (164).
181.34-182.1: “Speech is not of the tongue but of the heart. The tongue is merely the instrument with which one speaks. […] Therefore the words of the tongue should come from the heart, for it is the heart that holds truth, loyalty, and love. He who speaks should draw them thence, and speak from the heart, then his yes will be a yes, and his no a no” (167).
182.3-4: “The lie makes false storekeepers, false traders, false brothers; all deceit springs from the lie” (166).
182.2, 5-12: “What then is happiness but compliance with the order of nature through knowledge of nature? What is unhappiness but opposition to the order of nature? If nature takes its proper course, we are happy, if nature follows the wrong course, we are unhappy. . . . He who walks in light is not unhappy, nor is he who walks in darkness unhappy. Both are right. Both do well, each in his own way. He who does not fall complies with the order. But he who falls has transgressed against it” (203).

182.5    (The body’s exists as we feel it.): from Spinoza, Ethics; see quotation at 174.11.

182.19  Levitical sacrifices: Leviticus is the primary Biblical text of ritual law; the opening chapters in particular cover sacrificial laws.

182.32  his little fish: see 151.10.

183.2    with the winds / Say what their wonders with cities are / With seas in arms of landscape: see 187.8, 213.26.

183.6    When an air seems too much in the air: Cf. 148.13.

183.10  M. Croche: pseudonym used by Claude Debussy (1862-1918) for his music criticism; see 176.28. Through 184.9 is taken, except for the parenthetical addition, from Monsieur Croche, Anti-Dilettante mentioned at 183.17, which collects articles written 1901-1905 (see 183.17) but assembled by Debussy years later and published posthumously in 1921. The English version used by LZ is Monsieur Croche: The Dilettante Hater, translated by B.N. Langdon Davies (1928):
183.10: Alessandro Scarlatti…: through 183.24 from the chapter, “Neglect”:
            ”Another master now quite forgotten is Alessandro Scarlatti, the founder of the Neapolitan school, who composed a positively amazing number and variety of works. The statement seems incredible that Scarlatti, born in 1659, had written by 1715 more than 106 operas—not to mention all kinds of other musical compositions. Good heavens! How gifted the man must have been; and how could he find time to live? We know a Passion According to St. John by him, a little masterpiece of primitive grace, in which the choruses seem to be written in pale gold like the halos which set off so delicately the virgin faces seen in the frescoes of his period. […] I cannot imagine how he found time to have a son and to make a distinguished harpsichord player of him, He is still appreciated to-day under the name of Domenico Scarlatti” (147-148).
183.17: M. Croche Antidilettante: the original title of the music criticism Claude Debussy published in 1921.
183.25: With primitives’ / Divine arabesque…: through 184.8 remarks on Bach:
            “Yet the beauty of this concerto stands out from among the others which appear in Bach’s manuscripts; it contain, almost intact, that musical arabesque, or rather that principle of ornament, which is the basis of all forms of art. The word ‘ornament’ has here nothing whatever to do with the meaning attached to it in the musical grammars.
            The primitives, Palestrina, Vittoria, Orlando di Lasso [Renaissance composers] and others, made use of the divine arabesque. They discovered the principle in the Gregorian chant; and they strengthened the delicate traceries by strong counterpoint. When Bach went back to the arabesque he made it more pliant and more fluid, and, in spite of the stern discipline which the great composer imposed on beauty, there was a freshness and freedom in his imaginative development of it which astonishes us to this day.
            In Bach’s music it is not the character of the melody that stirs us, but rather the tracing of a particular line, often indeed of several lines, whose meeting, whether by chance or design, makes the appeal. Through this conception of ornament the music acquires an almost mechanical precision of appeal to which the audience reacts. Let no one think that there is anything unnatural or artificial in this. It is infinitely more ‘true’ than the wretched whimperings and the tentative wailings of lyric drama. Above all, the music keeps all its dignity; it never lowers itself by truckling to the desire for sentimentality of those of whom it is said that ‘they do so love music’; with greater pride it compels their respect, if not their worship” (55-56).

183.18  Third Ave. “L” / Where we lived looking into a dance-hall: the “L” or more commonly the “El” was elevated railway of NYC, of which the Third Avenue Line ran by where LZ grew up on Chrystie Street on the Lower East Side. In Arise (51) the Son describes a walkup apartment that looks into a dancehall.

183.24  My time runs me: see 238.21 and 183.7.

184.11  If they understood things…: through 185.15 from Spinoza, Ethics:
184.11-14: from Spinoza, Ethics; qtd. 174.9.
184.15-16: There cannot be too much merriment / It is always good: from Spinoza, Ethics IV, Prop. 42 (qtd. Bottom 78, 192): “There cannot be too much merriment, but it is always good; but, on the other hand, melancholy is always bad. Proof.—Merriment (see its def. in Note, Prop. 11, Part III.) is pleasure which, in so far as it has reference to the body, consists of this, that all the parts of the body are equally affected, that is (Prop. 11, Part III.), that the body’s power of acting is increased or aided in such a way as all the parts preserve the same proportions of motion and rest one with the other; and therefore (Prop. 39, Part IV.) merriment is always good, and can have no excess” (171).
184.16-185.7: To make use of things, to take / Delight…: from Spinoza, Ethics IV, Prop. 45, Note 2 (qtd. Bottom 79, 192): “[…] No deity, nor any one save the envious, is pleased with my want of power or inconvenience, nor imputes to our virtue, tears, sobs, fear, and other things of this kind which are significant of a weak man; but, on the contrary, the more we are affected with pleasure, thus we pass to a greater perfection, that is, we necessarily participate of the divine nature. To make use of things and take delight in them as much as possible (not indeed to satiety, for that is not to take delight) is the part of a wise man. It is, I say, the part of a wise man to feed himself with moderate pleasant food and drink, and to take pleasure with perfumes, with the beauty of growing plants, dress, music, sports, and theatres, and other places of this kind which man may use without any hurt to his fellows. For the human body is composed of many parts of different nature which continuously stand in need of new and varied nourishment, so that the body as a whole may be equally apt for performing those things which can follow from its nature, and consequently so that the mind also may be equally apt for understanding many things at the same time. This manner of living agrees best with our principles and the general manner of life: wherefore if there be any other, this manner of life is the best, and in all ways to be commended, nor is there any need for us to be more clear or more detailed on this subject” (173-174).
185.8-12: The human body needs many bodies / to be…: from Spinoza, Ethics II, Postulates IV and VI: “The human body needs for its preservation many other bodies from which it is, so to speak, regenerated. […] The human body can move external bodies in many ways, and dispose them in many ways” (52).
185.13-15: It is apt to perceive many things…: from Spinoza, Ethics II, Prop. 14 (immediately following preceding quotation): “The human mind is apt to perceive many things, and more so according as its body can be disposed in more ways” (52).

185.20  Empress Theodora and court ladies: these lines refer to a famous Byzantine mosaic in the cathedral of St. Vitale in Ravenna, Italy depicting Empress Theodora (c.500-548), wife of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I, with her attendants. Cf. Bottom 182, 184; the Ravenna mosaics were an abiding interest of EP and are referred to often in The Cantos.

185.23  Unearthed catacombs…: early Christian catacombs often had depictions of the Good Shepherd either carved or painted. A specific possibility here is the catacombs at St. Callixtus (San Callisto) in Rome, which include a fresco of the Good Shepherd surrounded by his flock and were systematically explored in the 19^th century. LZ mentions the Roman catacombs and depictions of the good shepherd in “4 Other Countries,” recounting his European trip in the summer of 1957 (CSP 188). Another possibility, given the preceding note, is the Byzantine mausoleum of Galla Placidia (see note at 17.386.1) in Ravenna, where there is a mosaic of the Good Shepherd with sheep.

185.28  Saul struck: “Whose son?”…: from 1 Samuel 17:58: “And when Saul saw David go forth against the Philistine, he said unto Abner, the captain of the host, Abner, whose son is this youth? And Abner said, As thy soul liveth, O king, I cannot tell. And the king said, Enquire thou whose son the stripling is. And as David returned from the slaughter of the Philistine, Abner took him, and brought him before Saul with the head of the Philistine in his hand. And Saul said to him, Whose son art thou, thou young man? And David answered, I am the son of thy servant Jesse the Bethlehemite.”

186.2    Disposed in many ways: from Spinoza, Ethics; see 185.12.

186.4    1313, Rabbi Hacen Ben Salomo—…: through 186.14 mostly from the New York Times for 5 Sept. 1948: “Vast Subject; Examination of Jewish Music From Biblical Epoch to Our Own Time”: “One reads with more than ordinary curiosity manuscript chapters of the forthcoming book, ‘The Music of Israel,’ by Dr. Peter Gradenwitz, the composer and musicologist of Palestine […]. Driven out of Spain, the Jewish musicians, including their own minstrels and troubadours of the end of the medieval period, made themselves felt in the cultures of late middle Europe and again emerged, in the time of Italy of the Renaissance, as an important creative element in the evolution of its musical expression. […] Curious: in 1313, the Rabbi Hacen ben Salerno was engaged to teach Christians to dance in a Spanish church. In 1575, a special license was given to the Jews Ambrosio and Guglielmo—said by contemporaries to ‘dance above all human measure’—by the Pope, and Guglielmo’s pupil continued in his footsteps, meanwhile that ‘the high perfection’ reached by the Jews in the art of the dance and music also improved their position with the secular and clerical authorities.”

186.5    (Great One Singer Son of Peace): this translates literally the Heb. name of Rabbi Hacen Ben Salomo.

186.15  that Sea literally in the Middle of Land: the Mediterranean < L. medius, middle + terra, land; see “4 Other Countries” (CSP 179.26).

186.30  “Beauty and the Beast”…: 1945 film by Jean Cocteau (1855-1963); see Bottom 20.

187.4    Traces the particular line / Of lines meeting / by chance or design: see 184.2-4.

187.8    With the winds / Says what their wonder with cities are…: see 183.2-4 and 213.26-28.

187.16  The hidden so disposes imagination…: through 187.32, from Spinoza, Ethics IV, Prop. 20, Note: “No one, therefore, unless he is overcome by external causes and those contrary to his nature, neglects to desire what is useful to himself and to preserve his being. No one, I say, from the necessity of his nature, but driven by external causes, turns away from taking food, or commits suicide, which can take place in many manners. Namely, any one can kill himself by compulsion of some other who twists back his right hand, in which he holds by chance his sword, and forces him to direct the sword against his own heart; or, like Seneca by the command of a tyrant, he may be forced to open his veins, that is, to avoid a greater evil by encountering a less; or again, latent external causes may so dispose his imagination and so affect his body, that it may assume a nature contrary to its former one, and of which an idea cannot be given in the mind (Prop. 10, Part III). But that a man, from the necessity of his nature, should endeavour to become non-existent, or change himself into another form, is as impossible as it is for anything to be made from nothing, as every one with a little reflection can easily see” (156-157). Seneca was a first century Stoic philosopher and tutor to Emperor Nero who was compelled to commit suicide after being accused of conspiracy.

188.1    Many things sleepwalkers do…: through 188.32, from Spinoza, Ethics III, Prop. 2, Note (from a long note in which Spinoza denies free will, specifically that the mind has the power to will the body to act): “No one has thus far determined what the body can do, or no one has yet been taught by experience what the body can do merely by the laws of nature, in so far as nature is considered merely as corporeal or extended, and what it cannot do, save when determined by the mind. For no one has yet had a sufficiently accurate knowledge of the construction of the human body as to be able to explain all its functions: nor need I be silent concerning many things which are observed in brutes which far surpass human sagacity, and many things which sleep-walkers do which they would not dare, were they awake: all of which sufficiently shows that the body can do many things by the laws of its nature alone at which the mind is amazed. Again, no one knows in what manner, or by what means, the mind moves the body, nor how many degrees of motion it can give to the body, nor with what speed it can move it. Whence it follows when men say that this or that action arises from the mind which has power over the body, they know not what they say, or confess with specious words that they are ignorant of the cause of the said action, and have no wonderment at it. But they will say whether they know or not by what means the mind moves the body, that they have discovered by experience that, unless the mind is apt for thinking, the body remains inert: again, that it is in the power of the mind alone to speak or be silent, and many other things which are dependent solely on the will of the mind. But as for the first point, I ask them whether experience has not also taught them that when the body is inert the mind likewise is inept for thinking? For when the body is asleep, the mind, at the same time, remains unconscious, and has not the power of thinking that it has when awake. Again, I think all have found by experience that the mind is not always equally apt for thinking out its subject: but according as the body is more apt, so that the image of this or that object may cause more excitement in it, so the mind is more apt for regarding the object” (87).

188.10  poetry / Not surprised in the least / By new science): see 186.28.

188.23  (Spinoza very early on / that): LZ is claiming Spinoza anticipates Freud here.

189.1    When we dream that we speak…: through 189.19 from Spinoza, Ethics:
189.1-8: from Spinoza, Ethics III. Prop. 2, Note (continuing from later in the same note quoted at 188.1): “Again, it is not within the free power of the mind to remember or forget anything. Wherefore it must only be thought within the free power of the mind in so far as we can keep to ourselves or speak according to the decision of the mind the thing we recollect. For when we dream that we speak, we think that we speak from the free decision of the mind, yet we do not speak, or if we do, it is due to a spontaneous motion of the body. […] But if our folly is not so great as that, we must necessarily admit that this decision of the mind, which is thought to be free, cannot be distinguished from imagination or memory, nor is it anything else than the affirmation which an idea, in so far as it is an idea, necessarily involves (Prop. 49, Part II). And therefore these decrees of the mind arise in the mind from the same necessity as the ideas of things actually existing” (89).
189.9-19: A suspension of judgment…: from Spinoza, Ethics II, Prop. 49, Note (qtd. Bottom 76): “For when we say that any one suspends his judgment, we say nothing else than that he sees that he does not perceive the thing adequately. Therefore a suspension of the judgment is in truth a perception and not free will. […] We have daily experience of this in dreams, and I do not think there is any one who thinks that while he sleeps he has the free power of suspending his judgment concerning what he dreams, and of bringing it to pass that he should not dream what he dreams he sees; and yet it happens in dreams also that we can suspend our judgments, namely, when we dream that we dream. Further, I grant that no one is deceived in so far as he perceives, that is, I grant that the imaginations of the mind considered in themselves involve no error (Note, Prop. 17, Part II): but I deny that a man affirms nothing in so far as he perceives. For what else is it to perceive a winged horse than to affirm wings on a horse?” (79-80).

189.22  South Ferry: near the southern end of Manhattan, from where ferries depart for Liberty, Ellis and Staten Islands; see 223.30.

189.23  Castle Garden: originally a circular fort at the very southern tip of Manhattan, from 1824 it became an entertainment area and from the 1840s to 1854 included an opera house. From 1855-1890 Castle Garden served as NYC’s immigration processing center, and then from 1896-1941 was the NYC Aquarium.

189.24  Jenny Lind: (1820-1887), famous soprano, known as the “Swedish Nightingale,” held her first U.S. performance at Castle Garden in 1850; see 19.418.2.

190.3    C’s face: C =  Celia Zukofsky, whose face is seen in the reflection of the full moon on the sea (again “C”), but also the letter is an image of the crescent moon.

190.4    Haran: see 149.22.

190.10  crazed Randolph…: John Randolph of Roanoke (1773-1833), a Congressman from Virginia well-known for his eccentricities and even mental unbalance. Henry Adams wrote a biography, John Randolph (1882) with an entire chapter on “John Randolph’s Eccentricities.”

190.13  The New Jersey farmer’s / improved wagon-wheel…: from 15 Jan. 1787 letter by Thomas Jefferson to Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur (1735-1813): “—I see by the Journal of this morning, that they are robbing us of another of our inventions to give it to the English. The writer, indeed, only admits them to have revived what he thinks was known to the Greeks, that is, the making the circumference of a wheel of one single piece. The farmers in New Jersey were the first who perceived it, and they perceived it commonly. […] The Jersey farmers do it by cutting a young sapling, and bending it, while green and juicy, into a circle; and leaving it so until it becomes perfectly seasoned. […] The writer in the paper supposes the English workman got his idea from Homer. But it is more likely the Jersey farmer got his idea from thence, because ours are the only farmers who can read Homer; because, too, the Jersey practice is precisely that stated by Homer: the English practice very different. Homer’s words are (comparing a young hero killed by Ajax to a poplar felled by a workman) literally thus: ‘He fell on the ground, like a poplar, which has grown smooth, in the west part of a great meadow; with its branches shooting from its summit. But the chariot maker, with his sharp axe, has felled it, that he may bend a wheel for a beautiful chariot. It lies drying on the banks of the river.’ Observe the circumstances which coincide with the Jersey practice. 1. It is a tree growing in a moist place, full of juices and easily bent. 2. It is cut while green. 3. It is bent into the circumference of a wheel. 4. It is left to dry in that form.”

190.16  John Jacob Astor…: (1763-1848) originally from Germany, he immigrated to the U.S. in 1783 with the resources LZ mentions, landing first in Baltimore, but soon moved to NYC where he set up a musical instrument shop that also traded in furs, from which he made his immense fortune.

190.24  Scollay Square: an entertainment and theater area of Boston.

190.32  Massachusetts Hall: on the Harvard University campus.

191.3    Old North Church: Boston’s oldest church, famous for warning of approaching British troops by hanging lanterns, “one if by land, two if by sea,” that sent Paul Revere off on his famous ride in 1775.

191.5    Mather’s grave: Cotton Mather (1663-1728) was pastor of North Church and is buried in the family vault on Copp’s Hill immediately behind the church.

191.6    North Station to Back Bay to Commonwealth: tracing a rough development of Boston that also reflects economic status: the North train station is near the crowded center of the original Boston, Back Bay was created from 19^th century landfill along the Charles River and Commonwealth Avenue is a broad thoroughfare running through Back Bay.

191.8    Lower East Side to Village to Riverside Drive…: similarly in NYC moving west from the old southeast area of Manhattan where LZ grew up to Greenwich Village, roughly lower central Manhattan and famous as an artistic area, to Riverside Drive running along the west length of Manhattan facing the Hudson River.

191.17  Fred Allen chid “for the Moses model human body”…: Fred Allen (1894-1956) American radio comedian known for his sharp satiric comments on contemporary society. Through 191.25 and continuing at 195.15-21 record several of his remarks. It may be LZ’s own play with variants here and in the subsequent passage on Allen’s name and the words “chid” and “rock” -bottom:
“This insane modern civilization is too much for the Moses-model human body. Here we have an organism that was designed for the simple life of biblical times, yet we expect it to cope with artificial lighting, executive board meetings, the din of automobile horns and soap operas, carbon monoxide, cigar smoke and bubble gum. No wonder we’ve all got ulcers and high blood pressure.”
191.20-25: All eyes, not one…: here and continuing at 195.15-21 Allen is commenting sardonically on TV, which was quickly supplanting radio at the time, more or less ending his career as a major star: “How can you show a glint in somebody’s eye? The eye itself is as big as a fly speck!” “All eyes” echoes the line from Shakespeare, The Tempest IV.i.59, “No tongue! All eyes! Be silent,” that acts as something of a leitmotif throughout Bottom, qtd. 38, 39, 77, 81, 85, 86, 91, 99, 155, 232, 341, 362 and echoed elsewhere; also Prep+ 170.

191.31  The attraction that led instinct to pursue…: through 192.2 from Henry Adams, “The Rule of Phase Applied to History” in The Degradation of the Democratic Dogma (1920):
”As an immaterial force, Instinct was so strong as to overcome obstacles that Intellect has been helpless to affect. The bird, the beetle, the butterfly accomplished feats that still defy all the resources of human reason. The attractions that led instinct to pursue so many and varied lines to such great distances, must have been intensely strong and indefinitely lasting. The quality that developed the eye and the wing of the bee and the condor has no known equivalent in man. The vast perspective of time opened by the most superficial study of this phase has always staggered belief; but geology itself breaks off abruptly in the middle of the story, when already the fishes and crustaceans astonish by their modern airs” (297).

192.3    Hamlet Adams: Henry Adams, as he depicts himself in The Education of Henry Adams, is Hamlet-like in his compulsive self-reflection that tends to paralyze action and result in rather pessimistic views of human-kind (see 176.26). More specifically, Adams compares himself with Hamlet at least twice in The Education, and LZ may particularly have in mind in the book’s final paragraph (see quotation at 8.51.3).

192.5    Westchester: a short distance to the east of Bronx; as at 191.8, a movement of suburbanization and economic class.

192.8    General Blacksmith Work: see 8.96.12.

192.10  Coliseum (that was) / Starlight Pool…: the Bronx Coliseum was adjacent to the Starlight Amusement Park, which had a large public swimming pool, in the West Farms area of the Bronx.

192.24  Gloucester that does not fish for the air / of Brittany:

192.26  Nantucket Whaling Club…: ironically alluding to Nantucket island’s past glory days as a major whaling port (as depicted, for example, in Moby Dick). Selectmen are members of a board of town officers chosen annually in New England communities to manage local affairs (AHD).

192.28  New Battery Tunnel: tunnel connecting lower Manhattan with Brooklyn built between 1940-1950.

192.29  Archie…:

192.34  I correct the Paris edition of Bach…: through 193.6 is quoted is from an 8 Aug. 1839 letter by Frédéric Chopin to Julian Fontana found in Kazimierz Wierzyński, The Life and Death of Chopin (1949), using Lorine Niedecker’s notes; see 157.31.

193.19  Where are your fathers? / And do the prophets live for ever?: from Zechariah 1:5: “Your fathers, where are they? and the prophets, do they live for ever?”; through 231.2 are many italicized quotations from Zechariah.

193.21  A friend, a Z the 3rd letter of his (the first / of my) last name…: Charles Reznikoff (1894-1976), fellow Objectivists poet and New Yorker.

193.26  —Of making many books…: through 193.31 adapted from Ecclesiastes 12:12: “And further, by these, my son, be admonished: of making many books there is no end; and much study is a weariness of the flesh.” LZ’s normal practice was to jot down in a small loose-leaf notebook that he carried around with him potential materials for his poems.

193.32  Let us hear the conclusion: from Ecclesiastes 12:13: “Let us hear the conclusion of the whole matter: Fear God, and keep his commandments: for this is the whole duty of man.”

193.33  read the conclusion then: from Shakespeare, Pericles I.i:
Antiochus: Scorning advice—Read the conclusion then:
Which read and not expounded, ’tis decreed,”
As these before thee thou thyself shalt bleed.

193.34  Koheleth: Heb. Ecclesiastes.

193.34  Celia, read “Pericles”: at the time of writing, CZ had begun work on her musical setting for Shakespeare’s Pericles, which would eventually be published as the second volume of Bottom: on Shakespeare (1963); see 257.24.

194.22  Chanukah: or Hanukkah, the Jewish Festival of Lights that recalls the victory of Judas Maccabees and the rededication of the Temple of Jerusalem.

194.22  Xmacy: conflation of Xmas and Macy’s, the NYC department store.

194.24  Every family apart, / He shall being forth…: through 195.14 a sequence of passages from Zechariah:
12:12: And the land shall mourn, every family apart; the family of the house of David apart, and their wives apart; the family of the house of Nathan apart, and their wives apart.
4:7: Who art thou, O great mountain? before Zerubbabel thou shalt become a plain: and he shall bring forth the headstone thereof with shoutings, crying, Grace, grace unto it.
3:4: And he answered and spake unto those that stood before him, saying, Take away the filthy garments from him. And unto him he said, Behold, I have caused thine iniquity to pass from thee, and I will clothe thee with change of raiment.
2:11: And many nations shall be joined to the Lord in that day, and shall be my people: and I will dwell in the midst of thee, and thou shalt know that the Lord of hosts hath sent me unto thee.
4:6: Then he answered and spake unto me, saying, This is the word of the Lord unto Zerubbabel, saying, Not by might, nor by power, but by my spirit, saith the Lord of hosts.
4:10-12: For who hath despised the day of small things? for they shall rejoice, and shall see the plummet in the hand of Zerubbabel with those seven; they are the eyes of the Lord, which run to and fro through the whole earth. Then answered I, and said unto him, What are these two olive trees upon the right side of the candlestick and upon the left side thereof? And I answered again, and said unto him, What be these two olive branches which through the two golden pipes empty the golden oil out of themselves?
9:13: When I have bent Judah for me, filled the bow with Ephraim, and raised up thy sons, O Zion, against thy sons, O Greece, and made thee as the sword of a mighty man.
8:23: Thus saith the Lord of hosts; In those days it shall come to pass, that ten men shall take hold out of all languages of the nations, even shall take hold of the skirt of him that is a Jew, saying, We will go with you: for we have heard that God is with you.
5:3: Then said he unto me, This is the curse that goeth forth over the face of the whole earth: for every one that stealeth shall be cut off as on this side according to it; and every one that sweareth shall be cut off as on that side according to it.
5:6: And I said, What is it? And he said, This is an ephah that goeth forth. He said moreover, This is their resemblance through all the earth.

195.15  (TV? “The screen is,” rocked Chidbottom, / “A problem…: Fred Allen (see 191.17), a radio comedian who made a number of well-known sarcastic remarks about the new medium of television; this passage continues from that at 191.17-25. The “flea’s navel” crack appears in several versions, the best-known is: “You can take all the sincerity in Hollywood, put it in a flea’s navel, and have room left over for three caraway seeds and an agent’s heart.” But closer to LZ is: "Television is a triumph of equipment over people and the minds that control it are so small that you could put them in the navel of a flea and still have enough room beside them for a network vice president."

195.29  Light not clear nor dark / Not day nor night…: through 196.12 a further sequence of passages from Zechariah:
14:6-7: And it shall come to pass in that day, that the light shall not be clear, nor dark: But it shall be one day which shall be known to the Lord, not day, nor night: but it shall come to pass, that at evening time it shall be light.
1:6: But my words and my statutes, which I commanded my servants the prophets, did they not take hold of your fathers? and they returned and said, Like as the Lord of hosts thought to do unto us, according to our ways, and according to our doings, so hath he dealt with us.
7:3: And to speak unto the priests which were in the house of the Lord of hosts, and to the prophets, saying, Should I weep in the fifth month, separating myself, as I have done these so many years?
1:15: And I am very sore displeased with the heathen that are at ease: for I was but a little displeased, and they helped forward the affliction.
8:4-5: Thus saith the Lord of hosts; There shall yet old men and old women dwell in the streets of Jerusalem, and every man with his staff in his hand for very age. And the streets of the city shall be full of boys and girls playing in the streets thereof.

196.13  A painter’s thoughts / Of children singing without notes…: through 196.27 mostly from Eugène Delacroix (1784-1863), The Journal of Eugene Delacroix, trans. Walter Pach:
196.14-15: 7 Sept. 1854 entry: “It was a very touching spectacle for a simple man like myself to see, those young people and those children in their poor and uniform clothes forming a circle and singing without written music while they looked at each other.”
196.16-17: 29 June 1854 entry: “I was asking Barbereau whether he had quite gotten to the core of [Beethoven’s] last quartets: he tells me that a magnifying glass is still needed to get everything, and perhaps it will always be needed. The first violinist told me that it was magnificent, and that there were always obscure passages. I had the boldness to tell him that what remained obscure for everybody, and especially for the violinist, had doubtless been obscure in the mind of its author. However, let us not pronounce judgment yet; the thing on which we should always lay our wagers is genius.”
196.21-22: 5 March 1855 entry: “The short fragments of a Haydn symphony that I heard yesterday enchanted me as much as the rest repelled me. I have come to the point where I can no longer lend my ears or my attention save to what is excellent.”
196.23-24: Delacroix’s sight / sketching horses…: Delacroix was renowned for his sketches and paintings of horses in dramatic circumstances.
196.25-27: 18 Sept. 1847 entry: from: “Painting is the trade that takes longest to learn and is the most difficult. It demands erudition like that of the composer, but it also demands execution like that of the violinist.”

196.18  Singers and poets: this is the title of a Walt Whitman poem.

196.28  Works that practices / Strengthen twisted fingers…: through 196.34 from Lorine Niedecker notes quoting Chopin (see 157.31), which LZ transcribed from a 30 Dec. 1950 letter: “Chopin to Delphine: If you have plenty of time, memorize Bach; only by memorizing a work does one become able to play it perfectly. Without Bach you cannot have freedom in the fingers, nor a clear and beautiful tone. Without Bach there is no true pianist. A pianist who doesn’t recognize Bach is a bungler. […] on playing Chopin Etudes—those whose fingers are twisted can strengthen them by practicing these etudes but others should not play them unless they see a surgeon” (Penberthy 173).

197.6    Wonder . . / Said the impalpable-palpable novelist…: the novelist is Henry James, and the sentence through 197.13 is from his autobiography, A Small Boy and Others (1913): “I lose myself in wonder at the loose ways, the strange process of waste, through which nature and fortune may deal on occasion with those whose faculty for application is all and only in their imagination and their sensibility” (10).

197.14  Never fearing one / Who sees faster / Into a generalization…: from William James, 12-15 Sept. 1865 letter to his father: "No one sees farther into a generalization than his own knowledge of details extends, and you have a greater feeling of weight and solidity about the movement of [Louis] Agassiz's mind, owing to the continual presence of this great background of special facts, than about the mind of any other man I know."

197.19  Laying a plane under all formulas / And enmities, where me / Meet: from William James, 5 Feb. 1885 letter to G.H. Howison: “There is, thank Heaven! A plane below all formulas and below enmities due to formulas, where men occasionally meet each other moving, and recognize each other as brothers inhabiting the same depths. Such is this depth of the problem of determinism—howe’er we solve it, we are brothers if we know it to be a problem.”

197.21  not paid to talk. / I grow sick hearing myself / Unable to stop: from William James, 28 Dec. 1892 letter to Grace Norton: “The professor is an oppressor to the artist, I fear […] What an awful trade that of professor is—paid to talk, talk, talk! I have seen artists growing pale and sick whilst I talked to them without being able to stop. And I loved them for not being able to love me any better. It would be an awful universe if everything could be converted into words, words, words.”

197.24  False words helped the affliction: see Zechariah 1:15; see quotations at 195.29 (see also 197.24, 198.21).

197.26  That men out / Of the need of their nature / Should not exist: from Spinoza, qtd. 187.19-20.

197.29  By blowing up ruins / Of the Warsaw ghetto…: the Warsaw ghetto was inhabited by close to half a million Jews prior to WWII, but most were sent off to concentration camps. When the Germans determined to clear out the rest and destroy the ghetto, they met with fierce resistance known as the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, which lasted for about 20 days in April and May 1943. However, the Germans systematically destroyed the ghetto and brutally suppressed the resistance. The New York Times for 19 April 1944: “Pole Tells Story of Ghetto Battle; Nine-Day Conflict in Warsaw Began Spontaneously, Says Underground Courier Germans’ Losses Heavy 3,000 Jews Used Smuggled and Home-Made Arms Against Big Force”: “London, April 18—The battle of the Warsaw ghetto began a year ago tomorrow. Tonight, at the headquarters of the Polish Government in exile, a courier from the Polish underground forces gave the first detailed, connected account of those six weeks of desperate fighting. […] Fearing that Jews still survived in the cellars, the Germans were blowing up even the ruins. Outside the walls, Poles heard daily blasts of dynamite and and machine guns killing prisoners nine months after the battle of the ghetto had begun. […] ‘They were ashamed—they, the master race, had to send their best troops against “sub-humans.”’”

197.34  ship Exodus…: in 1947 about 4500 European Jewish refugees attempted to immigrate illegally to Palestine aboard the ship Exodus but were forcibly turned back by the British. The refugees refused to disembark in France and suffered considerably on board during a lengthy standoff. Eventually they were returned to Germany, but not before the situation became an international incident and symbol of the Jewish right to immigrate to Palestine.

198.1    DDT DP’s: may allude to the spraying of Jewish immigrants (displaced persons) to Palestine with the insecticide DDT, as a disinfectant.

198.4    To become stiff as boards…: several of the following lines worked from the New York Times for 9 Dec. 1940: “Man Frozen Stiff in Lake Michigan 17 Hours Is Saved, Thawed Out and Sent on His Way”: “Chicago, Dec. 8—Three policemen said today that they had rescued a ‘human icicle’ from Lake Michigan. […] ‘It was frozen stiff as a board, and there were icicles—I'm not exaggerating now—icicles two inches long hanging from its spectacles.’ Then they dashed for the Chicago Hospital, where ‘it’ was thawed out. ‘It’ turned out to be Otto Kreiget, an unemployed sausage stuffer.”

198.7    To lie with frozen snow-spattered / Horses: probably from the New York Times for 19 Dec. 1941: “Soviet Columns Chasing Foe Wind Over Snowy Wasteland; Troops on Skies and Furred Horses Join Trek through Desolate Route of Nazi Retreat—Huge Russian Offensive Widens”: the article gives vivid descriptive details, including: “Frozen German bodies sprawl stiffly in the snow by crippled enemy tanks and trucks. […] Snow-spattered horses munch hay by an abandoned German antitank gun of the Read Army. A horse stands shivering in a field; field guns thud across the hillside.”

198.13  Like death warmed over, / To wolf crumbs / From a flying roll / Eat raw cabbages / Whole: from the New York Times for 4 April 1945: “Yanks Bare Prison Horror; ‘Ghosts’ Fight Over Food, Yanks Describe Prison Horrors; Slowly Starved in Filthy Camp Men’s Stories Defy Belief Bitter Memories Stand Out A Losing Fight for Life,” which give accounts from a recently liberated Nazi POW camp: “When you see a man eating raw cabbages whole, as if they were watermelons—a man who looks like death warmed over—I guess you don’t feel very comfortable. […] One man would grab a loaf of bread and try to wolf it down. Others would fight him for it until finally there would be nothing but crumbs on the ground. The German guards in their towers were afraid to come down.”

198.20  —Whoever speaks / Is ready / To help forward the affliction: from Zechariah 1:15; see 196.8, 197.24.

198.27  For all actions / Which passions determine…: these four lines essentially summarize Spinoza’s argument in Ethics; see following quotation at 198.31. 

198.31  To raise the arm…: through 199.8, from Spinoza, Ethics IV, Prop. 59, Note: “But no action considered in itself is good or evil (as we showed in the preface of this part), but one and the same action is now good and now bad. […] These points will be explained more clearly by an example—namely, the action of striking, in so far as it is considered physically, and in so far as we pay attention to this alone, that a man raises his arm, clenches his fist and brings it down with all the force of his arm, is a virtue which is conceived from the construction of the human body. If, therefore, a man moved by hatred or rage is determined to clench his fist and move his arm, this comes about, as we showed in the second part, because one and the same action can be united to certain images of things; and therefore both from those images of things which we conceive confusedly and from those which we conceive clearly and distinctly, we can be determined for one and the same action. It is therefore apparent that every desire which arises from an emotion which is a passion would be of no use if men were guided by reason. Let us see now why desire which arises from an emotion which is a passion is called blind by us” (182-183).

199.9    Things that bear harmony—: from Spinoza, Ethics, qtd. 127.21.

199.17  Reflect no yes / That means no: from Paracelsus, qtd. 182.1.

199.34  To say therefore I am…: play on René Descartes’ “I think therefore I am.”

200.18  As thought, extended, / As body, minded…: through 200.32 from Spinoza; the first two lines state that mind or thought and body or extension are merely different modes of the same substance; in other words, in contrast to Descartes, there is no mind-body distinction for Spinoza. The following passage is adapted from several passages. See Ethics I, Prop. 28: “Every individual thing, or whatever thing that is finite and has a determined existence, cannot exist nor be determined for action unless it is determined for action and existence by another cause which is also finite and has a determined existence; and again, this cause also cannot exist not be determined for action unless it be determined for existence and action by another cause which also is finite and has a determined existence: and so on to infinity. Proof.—Whatever is determined for existence or action is so determined by God (Prop. 26, and Coroll., Prop. 24). But that which is finite and has a determined existence cannot be produced from the absolute nature of any attribute of God: for anything that follows from the absolute nature of any attribute of God must be infinite and eternal (Prop. 21). […] It follows, then, that it must have been determined for existence or action by God or some attribute of his, in so far as it is modified by a modification which is finite and has a determined existence: which was the first point. Then again, this cause or mode (by the same reason by which we have proved the first part) must also have been determined by another cause which also is finite and has a determined existence; and again, the latter (by the same reason) must have been determined by another: and so on to infinity” (22-23). For the analogous statement on mind, see Ethics II, Prop. 48: “There is in no mind absolute or free will, but the mind is determined for willing this or that by a cause which is determined in its turn by another cause, and this one again by another, and so on to infinity” (74).

201.26 At a command / Over the radio / At zero minus one minute…: through 202.2 from the New York Times for 26 Sept. 1945: “Drama of the Atomic Bomb Found Climax in July 16 Test; Caravan of Scientists by Night Directions for Observers' Safety Roar Reverberations Over Desert”: “The Atomic Age began at exactly 5:30 Mountain War Time on the morning of July 16, 1945, on a stretch of semi-desert land about fifty airline miles from Alamagordo, N.M., just a few minutes before the dawn of a new day on this earth. […] At a command over the radio at zero minus one minute all observers at Base Camp, about 150 of the ‘Who's Who’ in science and the armed forces, lay down ‘prone on the ground in their pre-assigned trenches, the face and eyes directed toward the ground and with the head away from Zero.’ […] To another observer, George B. Kistiakowsky of Harvard, the spectacle was ‘the nearest thing to Doomsday that one could possibly imagine. I am sure,’ he said, ‘that at the end of the world—in the last milli-second of the earth s existence—the last man will see what we saw!’”

202.10  The Discus Thrower: the classical Greek statue Discobolus by Myron from the 5th century BC; represents an ideal of athletic form.

202.14  ‘Murder can be comic,’ / Charles Chaplin…: this quotation through 202.18 was made by Charlie Chaplin (1889-1977) in defense of his film Monsieur Verdoux (1947) as reported in the New York Times for 26 Jan. 1947: “Charles Chaplin Talks About His New Comedy”: "I saw a great chance to take a tragedy and satirize it, as I did with Nazi Germany in The Great Dictator. Crime becomes an absurdity when it is shown incongruously, out of proportion. Under the proper circumstances, murder can be comic. Von Clausewitz said that war is the logical extension of diplomacy; M. Verdoux feels that murder is the logical extension of business. But he is never morbid, and the picture is by no means morbid in treatment." On LZ’s interest in Chaplin, see his essay on Modern Times, Prep+ 57-64. Karl von Clausewitz (1780-1831) Prussian general and military theorist made this well-known remark in On War (1832).

202.23  transcendental. / Said the blest…: through 203.5 from Spinoza, Ethics II, Prop. 40, Note 1: “Nevertheless, lest I should omit anything that is necessary to be known, I shall briefly add the causes from which the terms called transcendental have taken their origin, such as being, thing, something. These terms have arisen from the fact that the human body, since it is limited, is only capable of distinctly forming in itself a certain number of images (I have explained what is an image in the Note of Prop. 17, Part II.): and if more than this number are formed, the images begin to be confused; and if this number of images of which the body is capable of forming in itself be much exceeded, all will become entirely confused one with the other. Since this is so, it is clear from Coroll., Prop. 17, and Prop. 18, Part II., that the mind can imagine distinctly as many bodies as images can be formed in its body at the same time. But when the images become quite confused in the body, the mind also imagines the body in all its parts confusedly without any distinction, and, so to speak, comprehends all under one attribute, that is, under the attribute of being, of thing, etc. This also can be deduced from the fact that images are not always equally clear, and from other causes analogous to this which it is not necessary to explain here; and for the purpose which we wish to attain it suffices to consider one only. For all may be reduced to this, that these terms signify ideas extremely confused. And from similar causes have arisen those notions which are called universal or general, such as man, dog, horse, etc. I mean so many images arise in the human body, e.g., so many images of men are formed at the same time, that they overcome the power of imagining, not altogether indeed, but to such an extent that the mind cannot imagine the small differences between individuals (e.g., colour, size, etc.) and their fixed number, and only that in which all agree in so far as the body is affected by them is distinctly imagined: for in that was the body most affected by each individual, and this the mind expresses by the name of man, and predicates concerning an infinite number of individuals. But it must be noted that these notions are not formed by all in the same manner, but vary with each individual according to the variation of the thing by which the body was most often affected, and which the mind imagines or remembers the most easily” (67-68).

203.7    author of Great Expectations…: Charles Dickens in American Notes (1842) makes the following observation on his travels to Hartford aboard a boat on the Connecticut River: “It certainly was not called a small steamboat without reason. I omitted to ask the question, but I should think it must have been of about half a pony power. Mr. Paap, the celebrated Dwarf, might have lived and died happily in the cabin, which was fitted with common sash-windows like an ordinary dwelling-house. These windows had bright-red curtains, too, hung on slack strings across the lower panes; so that it looked like the parlour of a Lilliputian public-house, which had got afloat in a flood or some other water accident, and was drifting nobody knew where. But even in this chamber there was a rocking-chair. It would be impossible to get on anywhere, in America, without a rocking-chair. I am afraid to tell how many feet short this vessel was, or how many feet narrow: to apply the words length and width to such measurement would be a contradiction in terms. But I may state that we all kept the middle of the deck, lest the boat should unexpectedly tip over; and that the machinery, by some surprising process of condensation, worked between it and the keel: the whole forming a warm sandwich, about three feet thick.”

203.11  Pompeian who relished fruit…: various of the frescos and mosaics uncovered at Pompeii depict fruit and fruit trees.

203.13  Delegate Thunder…:

203.16: can the man / Who said— / What did we gain by a pact?…: through 204.27 is a catalog of remarks by Joseph Stalin (1878-1953); it is probable, but not certain, that LZ’s primary source is the New York Times:
203.18:  What did we gain by a pact?…: from a radio broadcast to the people of the Soviet Union on 3 July 1941 and reported the same day in the New York Times: “What did we gain by concluding the [Hitler-Stalin] Non-Aggression Pact with Germany? We secured our country peace for a year and a half, and the opportunity of preparing its forces to repulse fascist Germany should she risk an attack on our country despite the Pact. This was a definite advantage for us and a disadvantage for fascist Germany.” Also called the Molotov-Rippentrop Pact signed in Aug. 1939, it is alluded to at 10.121.7 and in Ferdinand (CF 249).
203.24: May God help him…: the New York Times reported on 19 Nov. 1941: “Stalin Invoked God's Aid for U.S. at Kremlin Dinner for Officials; Struck Religious Note in Toast to Roosevelt—British-American Delegates Impressed by Soviet Leader's Human Side.” The dinner was to mark the signing of U.S. aid to the Soviet Union.
203.26  Chief Fallen Trees / of the Mohawk Nation…: the New York Times reported on 21 Feb. 1942: “Indian War Bonnet Awarded to Stalin”: “Chief Fallen Trees of the Mohawk Nation, who toils by day for our war program under the prosaic name of Paul Horn as an ironworker on the super-drydock at the Navy Yard in Brooklyn, last night started a chieftain's war bonnet on its way to Joseph Stalin, recently voted by the chiefs of the Indian Confederation of America as the outstanding warrior of 1941.”
203.28: and told Mr. Wilkie—That’s a very / good phrase…: the New York Times reported on 28 Sept. 1942 that Stalin made this remark to Wendell Willkie (1892-1944) at an official dinner in response to the latter’s explanation “using golf terms” of the American idiom, “keep your eye on the ball.” Willkie was a Republican presidential candidate who lost against FDR in the 1940 election and subsequently became a political ally; in 1942 he visited the USSR as part of an around the world tour as FDR’s personal representative.
203.31: The German wolf is not bad…: the text of “Premier Stalin's Address in Moscow on Eve of 27th Anniversary of the Revolution” appeared in the New York Times for 7 Nov. 1944: “The Soviet people hate the German invaders not because they are people of a foreign nation, but because they have brought our people and all freedom-loving peoples misery and suffering. It is an old saying of our people: ‘The wolf is not bad because he is gray, but because he ate the sheep.’”
203.34: I drink to the health / Of the people…: from toast Stalin made at a victory banquet in the Kremlin in June/July 1945: “I should like to drink the health of the people of whom few hold ranks and whose titles are not envied, people who are considered to be cogs in the wheels of the great State apparatus, but without whom all of us—marshals, front and army commanders—are, to put it crudely, not worth a tinker’s damn. One of the cogs goes out of commission—and the whole thing is done for. I propose a toast for simple, ordinary, modest people—for those cogs who keep our great State machine going in all braches of science, national economy and military affairs.”
204.8: I do not know whether / Mr. Churchill…: Stalin made this remark in an interview published in Pravda 13 March 1946 in response to Churchill’s famous “iron curtain” speech the previous week; the interview appeared in the New York Times for 14 March 1946: “Of course, Mr. Churchill does not like such a development of events. But he also did not like the appearance of the Soviet regime in Russia after the First World War. Then, too, he raised the alarm and organized an armed expedition of fourteen states against Russia with the aim of turning back the wheel of history. But history turned out to be stronger than Churchill's intervention; and the quixotic antics of Churchill resulted in his complete defeat. I do not know if Mr. Churchill and his friends will succeed in organizing after the Second World War a new military expedition against Eastern Europe. But if they succeed in this, which is not very probable, since millions of common people stand on their guard for peace, then one man confidently says that they will be beaten just as they were beaten 26 years ago.”
204.10: At Teheran, Churchill presented / the Marshal…: at the Teheran Conference 28 Nov.-1 Dec. 1943, Churchill, Stalin and President Roosevelt agreed on plans to pursue war against Germany and to cooperate on setting up the U.N. in the postwar period. The incident of Churchill’s presentation of a sword from King George VI to Marshal Stalin for “the steel-hearted citizens of Stalingrad” was described in detail in the media at the time. Stalin was the son of a cobbler; and Stalingrad was the scene of a desperate siege from Sept. 1942-Feb. 1943 in which the Soviet forces decisively halted the German advance into the USSR.
204.22: Things not bad in the U.S.…: this and the following remark are from an interview with Stalin held by Harold Stassen (1907-2001), a former governor of Minnesota and at the time a Republican candidate for president. The transcript of the interview appeared in the New York Times for 4 May 1947: “Things are not bad in the United States. America is protected by two oceans…”; […] ”Warlords [referring to fascist leaders] guided the economy and they didn’t understand anything about the economy. Tojo, the war leader in Japan, only knew how to wage war.”
204.26: Language serves all classes…: from Stalin, Marxism and the Problems of Linguistics (1950).

204.32  Mao’s best-man poem…: the following lines through 205.12 are a version of the second stanza of Mao Zedong’s poem “Snow,” which is dated Feb. 1936. The catalog of emperors mentioned are all founders of various dynasties—the Emperor of Ching is Ch’in Shih Huang Ti, 3rd century BC emperor who first united China and built the Great Wall—and so represent the greatness of the Chinese past. On “best-man” see 135.11.
            LZ’s source is the New York Times Magazine for 19 Dec. 1948, “The Man Who Would Be China’s Lenin” by Henry R. Lieberman, which includes the translation below in a boxed text. Lieberman’s article opens: “On the basis of concrete accomplishments and modifications of the traditional Marxist-proletarian approach to conditions existing in China, Mao Tze-tung, 55-year-old founder and leader of the Chinese Communist movement, seems to merit the title of the ‘Chinese Lenin.’” At the time the Chinese Communists were rapidly defeating the Nationalist forces: they would enter Beijing on 31 Jan. 1949 and Mao would official declare the establishment of the People’s Republic of China on 1 Oct. 1949.
            Booth reproduces two pages of the working draft of “A”-12 that include the Mao poem, as well as the attached clipping of the boxed text; see “The Zukofsky Papers” (1970): 50. The clipping has the following heading: “Mao as Poet, The riddle of what happens next in China and what role Mao will play is touched on by Mao himself in one of his classical poems:
The bewitching beauty of
    mountain and river
Has made numerous heroes
     surrender.
Pitiful are the great Emperor
     of Chin and Emperor
     Wu Ti of Han
Who lacked sufficient wisdom;
And so with Emperor Tai Tsung
     of Tang and Emperor Kao
     Tsu of Sung.
Even Genghis Khan knew only
     to shoot vultures with his
     arrows and bow.
These men are gone.
To choose the truly brilliant
     heroes
We must wait and see the
     present.”
[The above reproduces the line breaks of the clipping, although these are largely determined by the narrow column in which the poem is printed].

205.19  Lars: probably Lars Florell (1882-1971), Finnish-born architect and political activist, who immigrated to the US in 1907 and eventually settled in Detroit where he was involved in designing major auto plants. His relation to LZ is uncertain, but there exists a copy of AT (1948) with an inscription “For Ollie and Lars Florell” from the Zukofsky family dated Sept. 1954.

205.23  Flaherty took it hard…: Robert Flaherty (1884-1951), American documentary-style filmmaker, best know for Nanook of the North (1922) and the controversial Man of Aran (1934), depicting the harsh life on the Irish islands of Aran. When LZ was corresponding with James Joyce in 1935 via his secretary, Paul Léon, concerning the Ulysses screenplay that Jerry Reisman and LZ had worked on, Léon at one point recommended Flaherty as a possible director (Slate 119).

205.33  Pablo the Ur-realist / Faced by his “Guernica”...: this is a well-known anecdote about Picasso, who remained in Paris during WWII; on Guernica see 10.118.20, 13.288.13.

206.4    the Igorots / hoisted on top of tanks…: LZ’s probable source is the New York Time for 23 Feb. 1942 in a report which includes a communiqué from General MacArthur on the campaign to retake the Philippines, in which he singles out for special mention the role of the Igorots, “a non-Christian tribe living in the Bontoo mountains” of Luzon. LZ is more or less quoting from the communiqué:
”The bamboo jungle and the heavy, irregular terrain of the section of the front were almost impenetrable and apparently made it impossible for the tanks to operate. Without a word, the Igorot commander hoisted his men to the tops of the tanks in order that they might guide the machines through the matted morass of underbrush, the thickets and trees. The exposed Igorot soldier on the top of the tank served as the eyes of the American driver. The guide signaled the driver with a stick, and with an automatic pistol fired continuously as the unit closed with the enemy. Bataan has seen many wild mornings, but nothing to equal this. No quarter was asked. Always above the din of the battle rose the fierce shouts of the Igorots, as they rode the tanks and fired their pistols. When the attack was over, the remnants of the tanks and the Igorots were still there but the Twentieth Japanese Infantry was completely annihilated. In recounting the story of the battle to an assembly of his officers, General MacArthur said: ‘Many desperate acts of courage and heroism have fallen under my observation on many fields of battle in many parts of the world. I have seen last-ditch stands and innumerable acts of personal heroism that defy description, but for sheer breathtaking and heart-stopping desperation, I have never known the equal of those Igorots. Gentlemen,’ continued the general, his voice softening, ‘when you tell that story, stand in tribute to those gallant Igorots.’”

206.12  Gracie Allen…: (1902-1964) American comedian; see 14.349.17.

206.14  The burden of the horizon: see 205.28.

206.15  In the Altai Mountains / Of Siberia…: apparently from Time 18 Jan. 1943, article titled, “Dug from the Earth”: “A Russian scientist chopped through 50 feet of ice in the Altai mountains of Siberia, uncovered a log stable hewn by Bronze Age axes. In the stable were the well-preserved bodies of ten horses, saddled and bridled.” Several Bronze Age burial sites were found 1925-1949 and opened up by the Russian archeologist, Sergei Rudenko; the most important persons were buried with sacrificial horses.

207.25  —Marx’s presumption? / —He wrote fugues / On a theme of Aristotle…: there are various significant mentions of Aristotle in the first volume of Capital, particularly concerning value and money. LZ primarily has in mind Capital, Chap. 1.3.iii: “The Equivalent Form of Value,” where Marx credits Aristotle as “the great thinker who was the first to analyse so many forms, whether of thought, society, or Nature, and amongst them also the form of value,” followed by a quotation from the Nicomachean Ethics V.v; Marx famously goes on to explain the limitation of Aristotle’s analysis of value as due to the fact that he lived in a society based on slave labor and thus could not recognize the equivalency of all labor. LZ mentions that Marx is out of Aristotle in an 18 Jan. 1936 letter to EP (EP/LZ 198-199).

207.30  From his body to other bodies: see 126.6. Michael Fournier suggests a source for this passage in Henri Bergson, Matter and Memory (1911): “Why insist, in spite of appearances, that I should go from my conscious self to my body, then from my body to other bodies, whereas in fact I place myself at once in the material world in general, and then gradually cut out within it the centre of action which I shall come to call my body and to distinguish from all others?” (44-45). “My perception, in its pure state, isolated from memory, does not go on from my body to other bodies; it is, to begin with, in the aggregate of bodies, then gradually limits itself and adopts my body as a centre” (64).

208.1    Consider the man / On the West Coast…:

208.25  On one of my long walks / Out of Los Angeles…: this incident with the dog through 210.2 is reworked from a prose passage by Charles Reznikoff (1894-1976), fellow Objectivists poet and friend, written in the early 1950s but published much later in the novel The Manner “Music” (1977): 60-62; Reznikoff later trimmed and lineated this account as Poem #7 in the 1973 version of By the Well of Living and Seeing. See Corman, “The Transfigured Prose.”

210.3    —Reincarnated? / An old friend, maybe: refers to an anecdote about Pythagoras recorded by Diogenes Laertius: “Once they say that [Pythagoras] was passing by when a dog was being beaten and spoke this word: “‘Stop! Don't beat it! For it is the soul of a friend that I recognized when I heard its voice.’" This anecdote is alluded to in both the poem “Xenophanes” (CSP 123) and Bottom 103, 356.

210.13  I will hiss for them…: from Zechariah 10:8.

210.18  Sheridan sat / In a tavern watching…: Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751–1816), English dramatist and politician, best known for the Restoration comedy of manner plays The Rivals (1775) and The School for Scandal (1777). Sheridan was owner and manager of Drury Lane Theatre which burned down in 1809, contributing to his financial ruin.

210.26  Consume, consume it…: from Zechariah 5:4: “I will bring it forth, saith the Lord of hosts, and it shall enter into the house of the thief, and into the house of him that sweareth falsely by my name: and it shall remain in the midst of his house, and shall consume it with the timber thereof and the stones thereof.”

211.3    When we dream that we speak / We think that we speak: from Spinoza, Ethics; qtd. 189.1.

211.5    Bowling Green…: oldest park in New York City, the original bowling green was made in 1733, at the foot of Broadway near Battery Park and across from the old Customs House to the south.

211.11  The bridge going up: probably Manhattan Bridge; see 147.26.

211.14  Wolfe and Montcalm: British General James Wolfe (1727-1759) defeated French General Louis Montcalm (1712-1759) in the decisive battle outside Quebec during the French and Indian Wars. Both generals were mortally wounded in the engagement, but as a result England claimed control of Canada.

211.16  The Baroque building / That curves with Broadway…: probably a large red building at 2 Broadway built in 1882, but replaced in 1958.

211.22  From the Battery to 14th…: crowded lower Manhattan as LZ remembers it as a boy. The Metropolitan Life Tower building is at 23rd Street between Madison and Park Avenues.

211.27  Orient Life: insurance company, but here apparently young PZ’s response to LZ’s reminiscences about his youth in NYC.

212.4    Akhnaton…: or Akhenaton, Egyptian pharaoh, reigned c.1372-1354 BC, who instituted a monotheistic worship of the sun; LZ may be alluding here to the “Hymn to Aton” attributed to Akhenaton. See the translation by Robert Hillyer, “Adoration of the Disk by King Akhnaten and Princess Nefer Neferiu Aten,” in An Anthology of World Poetry, ed. Mark Van Doren (1928), a large collection of translations that LZ probably owned.

212.11  Little soul / Hadrian’s / Hailing itself…: alluding to a poem by the Roman Emperor Hadrian (76-138), “Animula, vagula, blandula,” supposed written on his deathbed:
O blithe little soul, thou, flitting away,
Guest and comrade of this my clay,
Whither now goest thou, to what place
Bare and ghastly and without grace?
Nor, as thy wont was, joke and play.   (trans. A. O’Brien-Moore)

212.17  Abroad / As the four / Winds…: from Zechariah 2:6: “Ho, ho, come forth, and flee from the land of the north, saith the Lord: for I have spread you abroad as the four winds of the heaven, saith the Lord.”

212.22  A sleep / Coming on / As over Odysseus / And Penelope…: from Homer, Odyssey, end of Book XIX and beginning of Book XX.